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phys > exam 3: cardiac cycle > Flashcards

exam 3: cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what contracts first because of an AV delay?

then ventricles contract at the same time as the artium

then the ventricles relax

A

atria

atrium relaxes

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2
Q

cardiac cycle events for a single heartbeat:
1. between beats-
2. artrial systole-
3. atrial diastole/early ventricular systole-
4. late ventricular systole-
5. early ventricular diastole-
6. late ventricular diastole

A
  1. between beats- passive filling
  2. artrial systole- active filling
  3. atrial diastole/early ventricular systole- isovolumetric contraction
  4. late ventricular systole- ejection phase
  5. early ventricular diastole- isovolumetric relaxation
  6. late ventricular diastole
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3
Q

between beats,
pressure atria _____pressure veins
pressure atria ___pressure ventricles (causes what to happen)
pressure ventricles ____ pressure arteries attached (causes what to happen)

A

pressure atria < pressure veins
pressure atria >pressure ventricles
-AV valves open
pressure ventricles< pressure arteries
-keeps semilunar valves closed

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4
Q

80% of blood for contraction loaded into ventricles at this time
-between beats

A

period of passive filling

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5
Q
  1. atrial systole (atria contracts)
    causes pressure in atria to
A

increase

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6
Q
  1. atrial systole
    pressure atria____ pressure veins
    pressure atria ____ pressure of ventricles (causes what)
    pressure ventricle ___ pressure arteries
A

pressure atria> pressure veins
pressure atria>pressure ventricles
-causes av valves to open
pressire ventricles<pressure arteries
-causes semilunar valves to stay closed

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7
Q

20% of blood for contraction loaded into ventricles at this time
-atrial systole

A

period of active filling

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8
Q

atrial begins to relax as ventricles begin to contract:

pressure of atria=
pressure of ventricles=

A

atrial diastole/early ventricular systole

pressure of atria= decreases
pressure of ventricles=increases

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9
Q
  1. atrial diastole/early ventricular systole
    pressure atria ___ pressure veins
    pressure artia ___ pressure ventricles (causes)
    pressure ventricles ___ pressure arteries (causes)
A

pressure atria < pressure veins
pressure artia < pressure ventricles
-causes av valves to close
pressure ventricles < pressure arteries
-causes semilunar valves to stay closed

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10
Q

rapid rise of pressure in ventricles increases
3. atrial diastole/early ventricular systole

A

period of isovolumetric contraction

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11
Q
  1. late ventricular systole
    pressure atria ___ pressure veins
    pressure atria ___ pressure ventricles (cause)
    pressure ventricles ___ pressure arteries (cause)
A

pressure atria < pressure veins
pressure atria < pressure ventricles
-causes av valves to close
pressure ventricles > pressure arteries
-causes semilunar valves to open and blood flow out

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12
Q
  1. early ventricular diastole
    (getting into ventricular relaxation)

causes pressure of ventricles to=

A

decreases

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13
Q
  1. early ventricular diastole
    (getting into ventricular relaxation)
    pressure atria ___ pressure veins
    pressure atria ___ pressure ventricles (causes)
    pressure ventricles ___ pressure arteries
A

pressure atria < pressure veins
pressure atria < pressure ventricles
-causes av valves to stay closed
pressure ventricles < pressure arteries
-causes semilunar valves to close

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14
Q
  1. late ventricular diastole

pressure atria __ pressure veins
pressure atria ___ pressure ventricles (causes)
pressure ventricles ___ pressure arteries (causes)

A

pressure atria < pressure veins
pressure atria > pressure ventricles
-av valves open
pressure ventricles < pressure arteries
-semilunar valves closed

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15
Q

vol of blood in ventricle before it contracts

A

EVD (135)

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16
Q

vol of blood in the ventricle before it relaxes/after it contracts (after ventricular systole)

A

ESV (65)

17
Q

volume of blood ejected per beat

A

SV- stroke volume
EDV-ESV=~70

18
Q

ejection fraction=
fraction of EDV ejected/beat

A

SV/EDV

19
Q

heart sounds (lub dub) due to

A

valve closure

20
Q

-abnormal heart sounds
-failure of valves to open completely=
-failure of valves to close properly=

A

heart murmurs
-failure of valves to open completely=stenosis
-failure of valves to close properly=insufficiency or prolapse

21
Q

what causes 1st heart sound?

A

closure of AV valve

22
Q

what causes 2nd heart sound?

A

closure of semilunar valves

23
Q

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in 1 minute

A

cardiac output
CO=HR x SV (heart rate x stroke volume)

24
Q

CO regulated to match demands of tissues.
increased by:
decreased by:

A

increased: physical activity, metabolic status, drugs
decreased: blood loss, heart disease

25
Q

factors that increase HR are called
factors that decrease HR are called

A

increase= + chronotropic
decrease= - chronotropic

26
Q

SNS increases HR (___ and ___ cells)

A

AR and contractile cells

27
Q

PNS decreases heart rate ( ___ cells only)

A

AR cells only

28
Q

which is which:
(SNS and PNS)

    • dromotropic and + chronotropic
    • dromotropic and - chronotropic
A

SNS + dromotropic and + chronotropic
PNS - dromotropic and - chronotropic

29
Q

3 ways SV is altered:
SV=EDV-ESV

A
  1. preload (changing EDV)
  2. afterload (Blood Pressure)
  3. contractility (force of contraction)
30
Q

at rest, cardiac muscle sits at a length that is LESS than optimum.
by increasing EDV:

A

this increases stretch of myocardium
moves resting cardiocytes length towards optimum
increases SV (stroke volume)

31
Q

what is EDV directy related to

A

venous return (VR)

32
Q

rate at which blood is returned to the heart from veins

A

VR (venous rate)

33
Q

veins are what kind of vessels?
they can hold up to 60% of the total blood volume

A

flaccid
Peripheral Venous Pool

34
Q

the pressure to return blood back to the heart from capillaries is very large/small

A

small

35
Q

increase in venous return (VR) by:
(all dependent on one-way valves)

A
  1. increase in skeletal muscle pump
  2. increase in breathing in and out (thoracic pump)
  3. increase venoconstriction via SNS (a1 adrenergic receptor)
36
Q

decrease in venous return (VR) by:

A
  1. tachycardia (extreme high heart rate)= decrease CO by decrease EDV
  2. valsalva maneuver (increasing thoracic pressure against closed epiglottis)
37
Q

what is SV (stroke volume) increase related to?
what is CO (cardiac output) related to?

A

SV/HR

CO=HR (at normal HR)

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