Exam 2 - Intro to SUD

Question 1

What are psychoactive drugs?

Answer 1

Any chemical substance that alters mood or behavior as a result of alterations in functioning of brain

Question 2

What age range is most likely to use marijuana and illicit drugs?

Answer 2

18-25

Question 3

200 years ago, only which drugs were available?

Answer 3

Alcohol, tobacco, opium or laudanum

Question 4

When did Coca-Cola become free of cocaine?

Answer 4

1929

Question 5

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Answer 5

Created FDA and regulated labeling of meds

Question 6

Harrison Act (1914)

Answer 6

Regulated dispensing and use of opioid drugs and cocaine

Question 7

18th Constitutional Amendment (Prohibition) (1920)

Answer 7

Banned alcohol except medical use; repealed in 1933

Question 7

Marijuana Tax Act (1937)

Answer 7

Banned nonmedical use of cannabis

Question 8

Controlled Substances Act (1970)

Answer 8

Established schedule of controlled substances still used today and created the DEA

Classified the abuse potential of drugs

Question 9

What are Schedule I substances?

Answer 9

Substances that have no accepted medical use in U.S. and have high abuse potential (e.g. heroin, LSD, marijuana, MDMA, etc.)

Question 10

Physical dependency

Answer 10

Onset of withdrawal symptoms upon removal of drug (not all drugs produce)

Question 11

Current scientific definition of addiction

Answer 11

A chronic relapsing disorder, characterized by compulsion to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and emergence of a negative emotional state when access to drug is prevented

Medical disease, not lack of willpower

Question 12

DSM-5 on substance use disorder

Answer 12

maladaptive pattern of substance use for at least 12 months that has led to significant impairment or distress, by clinical standards

At least two of 11 additional criteria must be met

Severity component

Caffeine excluded because of mild withdrawal symptoms

Question 13

What are the different levels of AUD, and how many components for each?

Answer 13

Mild AUD: 2-3 components
Moderate AUD: 4-5 components
Severe: 6+ components

Question 14

Addiction phases

Answer 14

Non-problematic or recreational drug use -> escalation of drug use -> compulsive/problematic drug use -> Abstinence (withdrawal) -> relapse

Question 15

Why are IV injection and inhalation/smoking the most addictive routes of administration?

Answer 15

1. rapid drug entry into brain and fast onset of drug action (although short)
2. strongest euphoric effects

Question 16

Which routes of administration have the slowest speed of onset and the longest duration of action?

Answer 16

Oral and transdermal

Question 17

Development of addiction

Answer 17

Goes from positive reinforcement (response produces positive outcome) to negative reinforcement (response removes aversive outcome during withdrawal)

Impulsive stage (reward, positive reinforcing effects) to compulsive stage (relief, negative reinforcing effects)

Question 18

What factors can contribute to risk for addiction?

Answer 18

Heritability (.4-.6), environmental influences, gene x environment interactions

Psychosocial variables as well (e.g. minorities, younger age, inability to cope with stress, etc.)

Question 19

Self-medication hypothesis

Answer 19

Stressful life events could trigger anxiety and mood disorders, which could lead to substance use in order to self-medicate

Question 20

Shared etiology hypothesis

Answer 20

certain factors (genetic/environmental) contribute to elevated risk for both SUD and other disorders

Question 21

Specific personality traits linked to SUD

Answer 21

Behavioral disinhibition, stress reduction, reward sensitivity (sensation seeking)