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Comparative Endocrinology > EXAM 2: Lecture 13,14 > Flashcards

EXAM 2: Lecture 13,14 Flashcards

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1
Q

GnRH info

A

10-12 AA

N-term pyroQ
C-term amide

RPGa superfamily of peptides

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2
Q

GnRH functions

A

olfaction (repro odors)

affects secretion of other pituitary hormones

heart (cardiac development in fish)

adrenal (growth and ability to secrete steroids)

bladder

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3
Q

vertebrates GnRH

A

control of FSH/LH release from pit and steroidogenesis by gonads

gametogeneis, repro behaviors

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4
Q

invert GnRH-like

A

increased water flow leading to egg/sperm release

control of cell cycle

development

metamorphosis

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5
Q

octopus GnRH

A

heart rate

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6
Q

exon 1 GnRH

A

5’UTR

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7
Q

exon 2 GnRH

A

SP, GnRH, N-term GAP

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8
Q

exon 3 GnRH

A

central portion of GAP

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9
Q

exon 4 GnRH

A

C-term GAP and 3’UTR

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10
Q

GnRH gene

A

exon 2 and 3 similar length

UTRs and introns = diff sizez

GnRH is under selective pressure not to change sequence

GAP not under selective pressure, sequence changes

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11
Q

GnRH 2 and 3

A

not in hypothalamus

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12
Q

GnRH subtypes

A

GnRH1

GnRH2

GnR3

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13
Q

GnRH1

A

mammals, amphibians, fish, birds reptiles

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14
Q

GnRH2

A

mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles

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15
Q

GnR3

A

fish, newest

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16
Q

vertebrates GnRH

A

1 and 2 and 3rd in teleosts

encoded by separate genes

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17
Q

inverts GnRH

A

12 types

multiple copies in same gene

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18
Q

GnRH expression

A

GnRH secreting neurons in hypothalamus

CNS areas, placenta, gonads, prostate, uterus, breasts

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19
Q

GnRH signaling

A

rhodopsin beta-like GPCR

absence of cyto C-term domain — resistant to desensitization and internalization

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20
Q

GnRH signaling pathway

A

Gq/11

PLcBeta

PIP2, DAG, IP3

Ca2+

PKc activation

FSH/LH release

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21
Q

GnRH Receptor

A

work through both:

  • PLc/Ca2+/Pkc
  • cAMP/PKa
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22
Q

vertebrate GnRH(1R)

A

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals (lack C-term)

high affinity to GnRH(½)

controls gametogenesis, sex steroid production, paracrine receptor

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23
Q

vertebrate GnRH(2R)

A

fish, reptiles, birds. mammals have nonfunctioning gene

high affinity to GnRH(2)

midbrain, neuromodulary and control of repro behavior

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24
Q

vertebrate GnRH(3R)

A

non-mammalian verts

higher affinity for GnRH(2)>(1)

teleosts only

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25
GnRH superfamily
related to invertebrate peptides AKH CRZ ACP
26
AKH
adipokinetic hormone lipolysis, carb mobilization, body color change insects, molluscs, worms GPCR, cAMP red pigment
27
AKH info
8-10AA, pyroQ N-term aromatic AA at 2 F/W at 4 W at 8 C-term amide
28
CRZ
corazonin stress peptide regulates food intake and metabolism, heart rate, molting, insect coloration, male repro behaviors insects, not in verts GPCR, cAMP clustered with GnRH receptors
29
CRZ produced by
corpora cardiaca neurons, released into hemolymph
30
CRZ found in
salivary glands and fat bodies
31
CRZ info
11 AA peptides N-term pyroQ C-term amide
32
ACP
AKH/CRZ-related peptide dec. germ cell proliferation, hypoerlipidemia GPCR, cAMP doesn't bind to AKH/CRZ receptor insects only
33
ACP info
11 AA most different to GnRH
34
AKH, CRZ, ACP
share N-term pyroQ and C term amide - F/W in 3 - T/W in 7 arose from common ancestor - GOF
35
downsignaling through GPCR and cAMP production
lipid mobilization (AKH) tachycardia (CRZ) down-reg of ooctye proliferation and blood lipids (ACP)
36
GnRH receptors are conserved in
verts/inverts
37
AKH receptors are found
in some but not all inverts
38
ACP receptors are found
in insects
39
CRZ receptors are found in
almost all inverts
40
FMRFa superfamily
verts only C-term FMRFa motif 5 known vert genes all GPCRs
41
GnIH
FMRFa superfamily inhibits secretion of GnRH in birds at neurons repro role in other verts and inverts many receptor forms
42
NPFF (nPQRFa)
modulation of pain, control eating, osmoregulation paralogous with GnIH
43
QRFPa
feeding behavior
44
PrRP (nRFa)
prl releasing peptide at pituitary level
45
kisspeptin
stimulates release of GnRH in pulsatile manner neuromodular, not hormone
46
kisspeptin info
54 AA precursor 13 AA active Cterm has biological activity
47
prolactin
releasing hormone; dopamine inhibits release
48
prolactin receptors
cytokine receptor superfamily 1-TMS receptor with no tyrosine kinase activity prl binding results in homodimerization (no autophosphorylation) -- associates with JAKs to downstream signal
49
prl receptor info
ancestral receptor binds GH/Prl GOF receptors show co-evolution as do hormones themselves -- functions related physiologically
50
prl functions
water and electrolyte balance growth and development metabolism behavior repro immuno-protection
51
oldest role of prl
osmoregulation
52
why is Prl release unusual?
no evidence of blood-borne prl acting as negative feedback signal to restrict prl release
53
why have so many diff functions become associated with Prl?
produced by diff tissues and receptors bind to diff regions of protein
54
somatolactin
produced in pars intermedia fish ion regulation
55
prolactin vs ss
prl: hypercalcemic and hypernatremic effects ss: released in low Ca2+ concentrations - hypercalcemia - stress response - acid/base balance - background adaptation
56
IGFs
proteins similar to insulin cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis produced in vert liver, in response to GH
57
IGF info
two 1TMS receptors RTKase seven binding proteins many degrading enzymes
58
IGF1
maximal growth
59
IGF2
early embryonic development
60
IGFR1
insulin receptor IGF binds higher affinity RTKase
61
IGFR2
unusual binds IGF2 but uncoupled to signal pathway clearance receptor to prevent IGF2 signaling to other cells
62
oxytocin/ADH
all verts, several inverts co-evolution of receptor with hormones
63
fish oxy/adh
isotocin / vasotocin
64
verts oxy/adh
mesotocin / vasotocin
65
invert oxy/adh
echinotocin / conopressin / inotocin
66
meso, isotocin, ADH
osmoregulation
67
oxytocin
repro, behavior, social hormone verts: CNS, neuromodulator and hormone, associated w CRH releasing neurons
68
conopressin
osmoregulation
69
oxytocin is found
reproductive retina adrenal thymus pancreas CNS
70
ADH
derived from vasotocin 3 GPCRs
71
ADH GPCR I
CNS, social behavior, stress, smooth muscle, platelet aggregation
72
ADH GPCR II
endocrine, behavioral response to stress
73
ADH GPCR III
kidney, water retention
74
isotocin
teleosts, bony fish smooth muscle contraction, social, sexual, maternal acclimation of stenohaline fish to freshwater; inc. expression of transporters and ionocytes
75
vasotocin
old lamprey pair bonding, social hierarchy, aggressive behavior
76
mesotocin
verts, amphibians, reptiles, birds regulation of water balance in amph. epithelial permeability to water and ions
77
conopressin
inverts maternal, repro only oxy/ADH member in inverts***
78
somatostatin
verts growth, GI physiology GI cells, CNS
79
somatostatin is produced by
cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, spinal cord, heart, thyroid, skin, retina, thymus, GI tract
80
somatostatin info
14 and 28 AA versions posttranslation modification of prohormone cyclic hormone due to S-S linkage FWKT sequence of ring needed for activity 6 paralogous genes in verts

Comparative Endocrinology (4 decks)

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