EXAM 2: Lecture 15,16 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
asexual reproduction
A
likely hormone regulated
2
Q
heterosis
A
hybrid vigor or ability to mask mutations
3
Q
sexual repro organisms
A
fish mammals amphibians reptiles birds insects crustaceans
4
Q
sexual repro required evolution of
A
cell polarization
meiosis
encapsulation
yolk
all under endo control
5
Q
cell polarization
A
dependent on TFs, large and small RNAs, cell concentration gradients
essential for fetal development
6
Q
meiosis
A
haploid cells, correction of mutations
7
Q
encapsulation
A
protection of gametes from immune system; combo of fluid and physical barriers; ability to establish microenvironment
8
Q
yolk
A
nutrient-rich portion of egg to supply food
birds
fish
inverts
vitellogenin
9
Q
vitellogenin
A
precursor protein of egg yolk
all oviparous species
10
Q
sex determination process
A
chromosomal
genetic
environmental
social
11
Q
CNS control of repro
A
hormonal regulation of all aspects
affected by peptides, protein, steroids, terpenes
sexual diff. of neuronal regions
12
Q
repro strategies
A
dN/dt = rN (1-N/k)
13
Q
dN/dt
A
change in population over time
14
Q
r
A
maximal growth rate
15
Q
N
A
starting pop size
16
Q
k
A
carrying capacity of population over time
food & niche
17
Q
R strategies
A
high growth rate
less populated eco niches
many offspring
low prob. of survival
area less environmentally stable
smaller body size
short generational timeline
MICE
18
Q
K strategies
A
population densities closer to maximal CC
more stable environment
larger body size
late sexual maturity
higher survival of offspring
ELEPHANT
19
Q
what strategies do most animals have?
A
intermediate strategy with traits of both
larger animals, long lifespans, large numbers off spring, little parental investment, low offspring survival
20
Q
parental investment
A
effort or resource parents provide; energy not used elsewhere
determined hormonally
yolk
feeding hatchlings
male competition for females
courtship rituals
21
Q
sex determination
A
genes, alleles, chromosomes
T*, size, social status
22
Q
genetic difference master switch
A
transcription factor
- diff alleles of same gene or diff gene
- diff chromosomes
- chromosomal differences
23
Q
diff chromosomes determination
A
homogametic
heterogametic
24
Q
homogametic
A
diploid cell has same 2 chromosomes that determines sex; no requirement for gonadal hormones
XX, YY, ZZ
25
heterogametic
diploid cells have 2 different sex chromosomes; requirement for gonadal hormones
ZW, XY
26
chromosomal differences determination:
XX/XY
Y chromosome has SRY gene
verts, not inverts
27
chromosomal differences determination:
XX/XO
no Y chromosome; gene dosage of TF
insects & mammals
xx= female
28
chromosomal differences determination:
ZW/ZZ
W chromosome has DMRT1 gene
ZW = female
birds, reptiles, insects
29
chromosomal differences determination:
WY, WX, XX/YY or YX
platypus
WY, WX, XX: female
YY, YX: male
30
chromosomal differences determination:
haploidy
ants and bees
haploid unfertilized egg: male
diploid: females or sterile male
31
environmental cues
temperature
contact
dominance
unknown
32
environmental cues:
temperature
turtles, fish, lizards
above a certain temp -- males instead of females
33
environmental cues:
contact
if marine larva contact eachother -- become males
otherwise all females
34
environmental cues:
dominance
tropical clown fish: dominant fish becomes female, others remain male
35
sex determination: hormonal control
closest thing to master switch: GTH!!!!!!
GTH drives growth of gonads, ensure gametes develop
Verts: GnRH and GnIH regulate GTH release
36
vertebrate hormone types
proteins, peps, AA derivatives, steroids
37
invert hormone types
proteins, peps, AA derivatives, terpenes, possibly steroids
38
GTHs target
gonads
site of production of ova and sperm
39
how do verts determine repro strategy?
age of sexual maturity
finding and attracting a mate
40
gonadosomatic index (GSI)
gonad weight / total body weight
*100
41
oviparity
animals that lay eggs with little or no embryonic development with mother
fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles and monotremes, insects, molluscs, arachnids
42
yolk function
energy storage
support and growth of embryo
both internal and external fertilization
direct control of hormones
43
viviparity
fertiliation is internal as is embryonic dvelopment; live birth instead of eggs
sharks, frogs, mammals
44
sharks viviparity
embryo develops inside oviduct; partial viviparity
45
frogs viviparity
placenta
46
traits of viviparity
nutrients transported directly
placenta keeps maternal blood separate from offspring
evolved from oviparity
47
sex facts
social and physiological risk
energy drain
reduce risk by restricting to when female is fertile
primates = not coupled to fertilizty
48
vertebrate sexual maturity
regulated by HPA
1 year (teleosts) to 15-16 years (eels, mammals)
tailored for each species to max. successful fertilization
49
different hormonal environments for oocyte and sperm are controlled by
GTHs
50
vitellogenesis
lipoprotein yolk precursor under estrogen control in liver
51
support cells
follicular, thecal, leydig and sertoli
diff and growth under hormonal control
52
GnRH peptide gene family
all verts and inverts have the gene family
only verts: gene family controls repro
53
all verts have 2 GTHs
FSH like and LH like
FSH: follicular development and sperm mitosis
LH: ovulation and spermiation
54
GnRH secreting neurons express receptors for
kisspeptin
55
kisspeptin
release of kisspeptin drives release of GnRH
56
neurokinin B
autocrine: affects release of kisspeptin
57
dynorphin
suppresses GnRH release along with GnIH from other neurons
58
kisspeptin info
verts only; neuropeptide
2 forms in simpler verts
mammals: 1 form, for repro
birds: neither, LOF
under regulation of blood sex steroids (through GPCR)
59
FSH
stimulates estrogen, progesterone, testosterone secretion
heterodimeric glycoprotein
alpha and beta subuntis
60
where is FSH expressed?
pituitary cells and gonads of tetrapods in different cells
61
what controls FSH release?
GnRH, activin, inhibin, follistatin, blood steroids
62
FSH receptor
GPCR, cAMP on surface of follicular cells
63
LH
follicular cells: estrogen production and follicular cell growth and differentiation
testes: androgen production and spermatogenesis
heterodimeric glycoprotein
alpha and beta subunits
64
where is LH produced?
anterior pituitary
65
LH is released in response to
GnRH and steroids
66
LH receptor
GPCR, cAMP on follicular cells
67
Activin
influences GTH release from CNS
TGF-beta superfamily of GF
homodimeric, widely expressed
68
Activin is produced by
follicular cells in response to FSH/cAMP
69
activin receptor
1TMS NOT rtkase
phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues in Smad2/3 TFs
70
inhibin
inhibits FSH release from anterior pituitary, stimulated by FSH
TGF-beta superfamily
heterodimeric alphabeta subunits
birds, mammals, fish
71
follistatin
binds to activin and inhibits activities
increases FSH release
72
prolactin info
large protein, rapid evolution of structure in mammals, structural variability in fish
73
prolactin produced in
placenta by high blood levels of estrogen
74
prolactin is in
anterior pituitary, breast, uterus, lymphocytes, leukocytes, intestine, prostate, placenta
75
prolactin signalign
1TMS and activation of JAK/STAT pathway
76
prolactin function
shifts energy sources to mother
protects mother
77
steroids
under direct regulation of GTHs
highest in mammals
ratio between androgens/estrogens is sex determining in many verts
78
ecdysone
steroid indirect control of repro by regulating sexual maturity
79
lamprey repro
no breeding cycle, individuals die after breeding
unique steroid: 15alpha-OH
80
hagfish repro
continuous breeding
81
elasmobrachs repro
standard GnRH, GTH pathways
82
bony fish repro
gonochoristic (separate sexes) as well as all females or hermaphrodites
11-keto-testosterone
83
amphibians repro
aquatic larval state --> rapid growth without parental energy investment
in less aquatic ones: internal fertilization is more common, egg number dec.. and parental investment inc. (r type to k type)
pheromones are common
84
reptiles repro
oviparous with well defined annual breeding cycles
internal fertilization
unique GTHs and FSH-like and LH-like to GnRH1
GnRH2 acts as NT not hormone
85
avian repro
unique GnIH:
LP(LQ)RF amide
one functional ovary to save weight; one testes
oviparous but extended parental investment
86
LP(LQ)RF amide
in birds and other verts
suppresses release of GnRH in verts
hypothalamus only
release under control of melatonin, glucocorticoids
87
LP(LQ)RF amide receptor
GPCR, suppresses cAMP production
Galpha-i
88
commonalities of mammal repro
pulsatile release of GnRH -- critical for release of eggs
complex regulation of kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy), sex steroids, metabolic signals
ovarian/uterine cycles
89
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
similar to LH/FSH
90
hPL
human placental lactogen
development of fetal metabolism, growth
works synergistically with GH
91
platypus repro
oviparous but mammary glands
eggs with little yolk
fetus not completely developed when hatched: exteroirized fetus
no placenta, no placental hormones
92
marsupial repro
primitive exteriorized placenta with little endo function
born at early stage of development
attach to nipple inside pouch and continue development for 200 days
93
eutheria repro
well-developed placenta
extensive secretion of placental hormones
nutrition and immune protection
94
immune protection of placenta
secretion of neurokinin B
contains phosphocholine molecules to suppress immunity and expression of lymphocytic suppressor cells
95
eutherian cycles
estrous
proestrous
estrus
metestrus
anestrus
96
estrous cycle
recurring physio changes driven by steroids and GTHs
starts after sexual maturity
97
proestrus stage
growth of follicular cells surrounding oocyte
days to weeks in length; controlled by estrogen secretion
growth of uterine endometrium
98
estrus stage
female is sexually receptive
under control via FSH/LH/estorgen/progesterone
coupled with ovulation
99
metestrus stage
acitvation of corpus luteum (ovarian remains of developing follicle) to produce high concentrations of progesterone
development of endometrium of uterus to prepare for possible fertilized egg
100
anestrus stage
rest period
controlled by light exposure through pineal gland and secretion of melatonin
induced by time of year, illness, age, lack of internal energy, pregnancy, lactation
101
other cycles
ovarian cycle
uterine cycle
102
ovarian cycle
changes in follicular cells: growth and differentiation, steroid production
4 days in rats to 16 weeks in elephants
103
uterine cycle
changes in endometrium of uterus, fertilized egg implantation
