Exam 2 - Lecture 28 (Nervous & Cardio Systems)

Question 1

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain during development?

Answer 1

1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain

Question 2

What is another name for the forebrain?

Answer 2

Prosencephalon

Question 3

What is another name for the midbrain?

Answer 3

Mesencephalon

Question 4

What is another name for the hindbrain?

Answer 4

Rhombencephalon

Question 5

What are the 2 layers that make up the wall that surrounds the neural tube?

Answer 5

Mantel layer and marginal layer

Question 6

What arises from the 3 primary brain vesicles?

Answer 6

5 secondary vesicles

Question 7

How many vesicles does the forebrain divide into?

Answer 7

2 (1 and 2)

Question 8

How many vesicles does the midbrain divide into?

Answer 8

1 (3)

Question 9

How many vesicles does the hindbrain divide into?

Answer 9

2 (4 and 5)

Question 10

What do the walls of the vesicles eventually give rise to?

Answer 10

Neural structures

Question 11

What do the 5 secondary vesicles of the brain eventually give rise to?

Answer 11

Cavities/ventricles

Question 12

What does vesicle #1 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

Answer 12

Wall = cerebral hemispheres
Cavity = lateral ventricles

Question 13

What does vesicle #2 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

Answer 13

Wall = Thalami
Cavity = 3rd ventricle

Question 14

What does vesicle #3 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

Answer 14

Wall = Midbrain
Cavity = aqueduct

Question 15

What does vesicle #4 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

Answer 15

Wall = Pons and cerebellum
Cavity = upper part of 4th ventricle

Question 16

What does vesicle #5 give rise to (wall and cavity)?

Answer 16

Wall = Medulla
Cavity = Lower part of 4th ventricle

Question 17

Which part of the brain gives rise to the only cavity that is not a cavity?

Answer 17

midbrain/3rd vesicle –> aqueduct

Question 18

What is the definition of a nucleus when we refer to hindbrain development?

Answer 18

Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

Question 19

What are the 3 steps to hindbrain/cerebellum formation?

Answer 19

1. Rhombic lips form
2. Rhombic lips advance toward each other and make contact
3. Cells of external germinal layer divide and descend into cerebellum, connecting with Purkinje neurons

Question 20

What are the 6 steps to forebrain (cerebrum) development?

Answer 20

1. Cells/neurons in the mantel layer divide
2. Cells pass thru marginal layer
3. Cells in mantel layer divide again
4. Cells pass thru marginal layer past 1st wave of cells
5. Cells in mantel layer divide a 3rd time
6. Cells pass thru marginal layer past 2nd wave of cells

Question 21

Why is gray matter on the outside in the brain?

Answer 21

Successive waves of dividing neurons passing one another after going thru the mantel layer

Question 22

What 2 things are successive waves of migration important for?

Answer 22

1. Formation of sulcus

2. Formation of gyrus

Question 23

What is a sulcus of the brain?

Answer 23

depression

Question 24

What is a gyrus of the brain?

Answer 24

elevation

Question 25

What are the 5 types of brain malformations?

Answer 25

1. Cerebellar hypoplasia 2. Anencephaly 3. Lissencephaly 4. Cranium bifidum 5. Hydrocephalus

Question 26

What is cerebellar hypoplasia?

Answer 26

Smaller than normal cerebellum

Question 27

What is anencephaly?

Answer 27

No brain = lethal

Question 28

What is lissencephaly?

Answer 28

Smooth cortex (waves of migration arrested)

Question 29

What is cranium bifidum?

Answer 29

Defect in neural tube formation; skull cannot form normally around the developing brain.

Question 30

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 30

Buildup of CSF due to an obstruction that does not allow for its reabsorption --> leads to malformation of the skull

Question 31

What is another name for cranium bifidum?

Answer 31

encephalocele

Question 32

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 32

anterior and posterior

Question 33

What is the relationship between the posterior pituitary and its axon?

Answer 33

Axon projects directly into the posterior pituitary

Question 34

What is the relationship between the anterior pituitary and its neurons?

Answer 34

Axons terminate on and release its contents onto a portal system which then carries those contents to the anterior pituitary.

Question 35

From which dermal layer does the entire pituitary gland originate?

Answer 35

ectoderm

Question 36

Where does the anterior pituitary originate from?

Answer 36

Upgrowth from roof of primitive mouth

Question 37

Where does the posterior pituitary originate from?

Answer 37

Downgrowth from the floor of the forebrain

Question 38

What type of return does the right atrium receive and from what vessels?

Answer 38

Systemic return from cranial and caudal vena cava

Question 39

What is the blood flow FROM the right ventricle?

Answer 39

pulmonary outflow to the lungs

Question 40

What type of return does the left atrium receive and from what vessels?

Answer 40

Pulmonary return from pulmonary veins

Question 41

What is the blood flow FROM the left ventricle?

Answer 41

systemic outflow to the aorta

Question 42

What is the relationship between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta?

Answer 42

The vessels wind around each other

Question 43

What is the 1st organ to FUNCTIONALLY differentiate?

Answer 43

heart

Question 44

The heart is the 1st organ to _____ differentiate.

Answer 44

functionally

Question 45

When do the 1st heart beats occur?

Answer 45

Around the time of neural tube closure (18-19d in dog, 35-38hrs in chick)

Question 46

The heart moves blood from _____ embryonic vessels thru the embryonic _____.

Answer 46

extra; circulatory system

Question 47

What are the 4 main stages of heart development?

Answer 47

1. Cardiogenic plate 2. Single median heart tube 3. Cardiac loop 4. Partitioning

Question 48

Where does folding of the cardiogenic plate initiate?

Answer 48

Outside of the embryo

Question 49

Where does the cardiogenic plate eventually end up?

Answer 49

Inside of the embryo

Question 50

What are the 3 steps in the folding of the cardiogenic plate?

Answer 50

1. 2 endocardial heart tubes form in the cardiogenic plate 2. EC heart tubes fuse (1st heartbeat) 3. Contractions go caudal --> cranial (simple peristaltic pump)

Question 51

What is a simple peristaltic pump?

Answer 51

When heartbeats move from caudal --> cranial

Question 52

What are the 5 primitive heart regions?

Answer 52

1. Truncus arteriosus 2. Bulbus cordis 3. Ventricle 4. Atrium 5. Sinus venosus

Question 53

What 2 things do the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis become?

Answer 53

1. Ascending aorta | 2. Pulmonary trunk

Question 54

What 2 things does the bulbus cordis (only) become?

Answer 54

1. Part of right ventricle (conus arteriosus) | 2. Small part of left ventricle

Question 55

What 2 things does the primitive atrium become?

Answer 55

1. Right atrium | 2. Left atrium

Question 56

What does the left sinus venosus become?

Answer 56

Coronary sinus

Question 57

What does the right sinus venosus become?

Answer 57

Part of the wall of the atrium

Question 58

What two things cause GENERAL formation of the cardiac loop?

Answer 58

1. Rotation of heart to the right by differential growth | 2. One part grows faster than the other

Question 59

What are the 4 steps to cardiac loop formation?

Answer 59

1. Bulbus cordis and ventricle move caudally 2. Atrium and sinus venosus more cranially 3. Atrium becomes dorsal to ventricle 4. Ventricle lies next to the bulbus cordis

Question 60

How are the atrium and ventricle connected to each other?

Answer 60

atrioventricular canal

Question 61

What are the 3 steps to AV canal partitioning?

Answer 61

1. Constrictions begin on either side of the AV canal 2. Dorsal and ventral endocardial cushions on periphery on AV canal grow towards each other and meet 3. Cushions divide AV canal into R and L sides

Question 62

In what direction must atrial flow be maintained in intrauterine life?

Answer 62

R --> L

Question 63

How many septa and foramina form during atrial partitioning?

Answer 63

2 septa | 3 foramina