Exam 3 - Lecture 34 (Org. of Urinary Sys. I) Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 functions of the renal system?
A
- Cleans the blood
- Regulates important EC fluid components
- Endocrine tissue
2
Q
How does the renal system clean the blood (2 steps)?
A
Removes waste products by:
- Filtering blood to produce ultrafiltrate
- Selective reabsorption of desirable components from filtrate and returning them to the bloodstream.
3
Q
How does the renal system pass undesirable components?
A
In the urine
4
Q
How much (%) of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
A
25%
5
Q
What are 3 ECF components does the kidney regulate?
A
- Ions (blood components)
- Acid-base balance
- BP
6
Q
What hormone does the kidney release that is important for regulating blood pressure?
A
Renin
7
Q
What hormone does the kidney release that is important for RBC production and what does it do?
A
erythropoietin (EPO); upregulates RBCs
8
Q
What is the most important role of the kidney?
A
Maintenance of ECF
9
Q
Where is the kidney located?
A
Caudal to the last rib on the dorsal aspect of the abdominal cavity
10
Q
What is the difference between the R kidney compared to the L one?
A
It is more cranial and is attached more tightly to the body wall
11
Q
In what species are both kidneys level with each other?
A
pig
12
Q
What is the general shape of the kidneys of cats, dogs, sheep, and goats?
A
kidney-bean shaped
13
Q
What is the general shape of the kidneys of pigs?
A
flat and elongated
14
Q
What is the general shape of the kidneys of horses?
A
large and heart-shaped
15
Q
What is the general shape of the kidneys of cattle?
A
deeply fissured, highly lobed
16
Q
What is the kidney capsule?
A
Structure that covers the kidney
17
Q
What is the capsule made up of?
A
Mostly collagen and smooth muscle
18
Q
What is the capsule important for?
A
Maintaining structural integrity of the kidney
19
Q
What is the hilum?
A
Cleft on the lateral aspect of the kidney
20
Q
What enters and what leaves the hilum?
A
Renal a. enters, renal v. and ureter leave
21
Q
What is the color of the renal cortex?
A
Dark
22
Q
What is the color of the renal medulla?
A
Pale
23
Q
Why are the cortex and medulla different colors?
A
Cells in each are different
24
Q
Is there c.t. in the renal cortex and medulla?
A
No
25
What is the osmolarity in the medulla in relation to the cortex?
Osmolarity of medulla is higher than in the cortex
26
What is a renal pyramid?
"Lobe" of the kidney that contains the medulla and cortex
27
Where are renal papilla?
At the renal crest (they are fused)
28
What is the renal pelvis and what does it do?
Extension of ureter; collects urine from papilla
29
Which statement about the gross morphology of the kidney is true?
A) Paired kidneys are located anteriorly in the body cavity
B) Gross external morphology is highly conserved across species
C) In most species, the R kidney is more cranial than the L
D) Cleft in kidney where ureter and vasculature enter/leave is called the capsule
C) In most species, the R kidney is more cranial than the L
30
What is a nephron?
Functional unit of the kidney
31
What are the 7 parts of a nephron?
1. Renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule)
2. Proximal convoluted tubule
3. Proximal straight tubule
4. Loop of Henle
5. Distal straight tubule
6. Distal convoluted tubule
7. Collecting duct
32
What makes up the renal/uriniferous tubule?
Nephron + collecting duct
33
What is the general function of the renal corpuscle?
Site of filtration; filtrate is formed
34
What is the general function of the proximal tubules?
Reabsorptive powerhouse of the kidney
35
What is the general function of the Loop of Henle?
Reabsorb water and NaCl
36
What is the general function of the distal tubules?
Reabsorption -- but not as much as proximal tubules
37
What is the general function of the collecting ducts?
Last minute reabsorption/"fine tuning"
38
What are the 2 types of nephrons?
1. Cortical
| 2. Juxtamedullary
39
What animals have cortical nephrons?
Mainly just aquatic animals
40
What animals have juxtamedullary nephrons?
Dogs and cats
41
Where are cortical nephrons?
Mostly in cortex; LoH barely dips into the (outer) medulla
42
Where are juxtamedullary nephrons?
Start in cortex and LoH dips farther into (inner) medulla
43
What are renal corpuscles made up of?
Glomerulus + Bowman's Capsule
44
Where are renal corpuscles found?
Cortex
45
What is the cortical labyrinth made up of?
Proximal and distal CONVOLUTED tubules
46
Where is the cortical labyrinth?
Cortex
47
What are medullary rays made up of?
Proximal and distal straight tubules, collecting ducts
48
Where are medullary rays located?
Run N to S and project out of the medulla
49
What is the outer medulla made up of?
Loops of Henle, DST, collecting ducts
50
Where is the outer medulla?
Between the cortex and the inner medulla
51
What is the inner medulla made up of?
Collecting ducts
52
Where is the inner medulla?
Between outer medulla and renal pelvis
53
What 3 things are found in the cortex?
1. Renal corpuscles
2. Cortical labyrinth
3. Medullary rays
54
Are collecting ducts in the inner medulla cytoplasmically dense?
No
55
Which nephron structure is only found in the cortex?
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A) Collecting duct
B) Loop of Henle
C) Renal corpuscle
D) DST
E) Renal pelvis
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C) Renal corpuscle
56
What are 2 examples of anatomical/ultrastructural abnormalities in kidneys?
1. Horseshoe kidney
| 2. Polycystic kidney disease
57
What is a horseshoe kidney?
Kidneys do not separate; are attached at poles, work well but more prone to uroliths
58
What is polycystic kidney disease and what is an example of a species it occurs in?
Small, closed, liquid-filled sacs (cysts) develop in the tissue of the feline kidney; found in Persian cats
59
What is the prognosis for a cat with polycystic kidney disease?
Terminal bc it is non-treatable
60
How does filtration occur through the capillaries of the glomerulus?
Blood squeezes out of the capillaries into the proximal tubule
61
What are mesangial cells and what are the 2 types?
Cells that envelope the capillaries of the glomerulus; intraglomerular and extraglomerular
62
What are the characteristics of intraglomerular mesangial cells?
They are phagocytic and contractile
63
What are the characteristics of extraglomerular mesangial cells?
They interact closely with the macula densa to form the JGA
64
What are the two poles of the renal corpuscle?
Urinary and vascular
65
What are the two arterioles of the renal corpuscle and how does blood flow thru them?
1. Afferent = delivers blood to the corpuscle
| 2. Efferent = drains blood from the corpuscle
66
How is capillary pressure determined in the glomerulus?
By afferent/efferent arteriole structure
67
What is special about the diameter of the efferent arteriole?
It is smaller than the afferent so it is harder for blood to leave
68
What does the macula densa interact with on the corpuscle?
Wall of afferent arteriole
69
What part of the nephron is the macula densa a part of?
DST
70
What is the macula densa important for?
Regulation of filtration
71
Which of the following statements about the corpuscle is accurate?
A) Blood is filtered by Bowman's capsule and filtrate is collected by the glomerulus
B) Extraglomerular mesangial cells direct filtrate to the proximal tubule
C) The macula densa is actually a part of the distal tubule
D) Blood enters via efferent arteriole
C) The macula densa is actually a part of the distal tubule
72
What are the two layers of the renal corpuscle (ultrastructure)?
1. Parietal
| 2. Visceral
73
What type of cells make up the parietal layer of the corpuscle?
Simple squamous epithelium
74
What are podocytes?
Small projections in the glomerulus that establish the filtration apparatus
75
What are pedicels?
Small finger-like projections of podocytes
76
In what layer of the corpuscle do you find podocytes and pedicels?
Visceral
77
What are the 3 layers of filtration of the glomerulus?
1. Wall of capillary
2. Podocytes
3. Podocytes (pedicels)
78
What are the 5 structural components of the filtration apparatus?
1. Basal lamina
2. Slit diaphragm
3. Pedicels
4. Podocytes
5. Fenestrated capillaries
79
What is the basal lamina?
Part of the filtration apparatus that serves as a filter
80
What secretes basal lamina?
Podocytes
81
What is the slit diaphragm?
Sheet of protein in between pedicels
82
What is the purpose of the fenestrated capillaries in the filtration apparatus?
Pores in the epithelium serve as a filter
83
What 2 things on the filtration apparatus serve as filters?
Basal lamina and slit diaphragm
84
What are the 3 layers of the basal lamina, from inner to outermost?
1. Lamina rara interna
2. Lamina densa
3. Lamina rara externa
85
Where are the fenestrated capillaries located?
In the filtration apparatus deep to the basal lamina
86
Which of the following sections of the uriniferous tubule is found nearly entirely in the medulla?
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A) Renal corpuscle
B) Proximal tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Distal tubule
E) Collecting duct
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C) Loop of Henle
