Exam 2 Material

Question 1

Nodule

Answer 1

An unworked piece of stone

Question 2

Core

Answer 2

A worked piece of stone with flakes removed

Question 3

Knapping

Answer 3

making stone tools by intentionally removing a series of flakes

Question 4

Lithics

Answer 4

shaped stone artifacts

Question 5

Pebble cores

Answer 5

Made of rounded clasts (cobbles or pebbles)
Shaped by hard hammer percussion
Choppers - worked edge makes 50-75% of the circumference of the core
Discoids - worked edge makes 75-100% of the core circumference

Question 6

Bifacial cores

Answer 6

Bilaterally symmetrical with flake removals occurring on both the upper and lower faces of the core
Exhibit unequal length, width, and thickness
Handaxes - at least one sharply pointed end
Thinned bifaces - sharp points at one or both ends
Thickness less than ⅕ of its greatest width

Question 7

Prepared cores

Answer 7

Display hierarchy of flake release surfaces
One side of the worked edge is used preferentially as a striking platform
Adjacent side - flake release platform

Question 8

Tools

Answer 8

the intentional product of the manufacturing process

Question 9

Waste

Answer 9

unused material that results from the process

Question 10

Debitage

Answer 10

shatter, chips, and debris

Question 11

Higher artifact diversity ->

Answer 11

Lower residential mobility

Question 12

High % of cortical flakes ->

Answer 12

Tool production site

Question 13

High % of retouched tools ->

Answer 13

Activity/habitation area

Question 14

High % of large cores ->

Answer 14

Close proximity to raw material

Question 15

Ceramics

Answer 15

made of clay and hardened by heat

Question 16

Pottery

Answer 16

pots, dishes, containers, and other vessels made of baked clay

Question 17

Making Pottery

Step 1

Answer 17

Collecting raw materials

Question 18

Making Pottery

Step 2

Answer 18

Preparing the paste

Question 19

Making Pottery

Step 3

Answer 19

Shaping the vessel

Question 20

Making Pottery

Step 4

Answer 20

Decorating

Question 21

Making Pottery

Step 5

Answer 21

Firing

Question 22

Open Firing

Answer 22

Produces ceramics with dark, black cores

Question 23

Kiln Firing

Answer 23

Produces lighter, redder interiors

Question 24

Pottery Shape and size

Answer 24

provide clues about vessel use

Question 25

Pottery Content

Answer 25

associated artifacts and features also provide clues about the use

Question 26

Pottery Residues

Answer 26

reveal both use and contents

Question 27

Ceramic Stylistic patterns

Answer 27

reflect identity, social organization, and ideology

Question 28

Ceramic Provenience Studies

Answer 28

Visual inspection Petrographic analysis Compositional analysis

Question 29

Wild wheat

Answer 29

brittle rachis and tough glume | Glume won’t snap as easily, but the rachis will for seed distribution

Question 30

Domesticated wheat

Answer 30

tough rachis and brittle glume | Rachi won’t snap as easily but the glume will, depends on humans for rep

Question 31

Types of Microbotanical Remains

Answer 31

Pollen and spores Phytoliths Diatoms Starch

Question 32

Palynology

Answer 32

The study of pollen

Question 33

Zooarcheology

Answer 33

Study of animal remains from archeological sites | Bone, teeth, antlers, ivory, hides, hair, shells, scales, blood, etc.

Question 34

Number of Identified Species (NISP)

Answer 34

A measurement used to identify the number of individuals of each species that are present at a site | Provide information on the relative importance of different animals

Question 35

Taphonomy

Answer 35

Study of what happens to an organism after its death

Question 36

# Distinct bone surface indicator Abrasion, rounding, and fragmentation ->

Answer 36

result of physical process of water, rolling, trampling, or exposure

Question 37

# Distinct bone surface indicator Cracking and flaking of surface creates fibrous surface ->

Answer 37

result of weathering of bone on exposed ground surface

Question 38

# Distinct bone surface indicator Bioerosion ->

Answer 38

weathering by various animals, insects, and other animals (tooth and gnaw marks)

Question 39

# Distinct bone surface indicator Bleached, white bones ->

Answer 39

result of sun exposure for an extended period of time

Question 40

# Distinct bone surface indicator Charred/burned bone ->

Answer 40

intentional or unintentional exposure to fire

Question 41

# Distinct bone surface indicator Cut marks ->

Answer 41

result of intentional human butchery of an animal carcass

Question 42

Shell middens

Answer 42

Huge heaps of shells found on coasts and riverbeds in various parts of the world ## Footnote provide crucial information on diet, local habitat, climate, seasonality of site occupation

Question 43

Bioarchaeology

Answer 43

Study of human skeletal remains from archeological contexts

Question 44

Primary Burial

Answer 44

Original place the body was buried, Articulated body position

Question 45

Secondary Burial

Answer 45

Where the remains are moved to after the primary burial, Disarticulated position

Question 46

Paleopathology

Answer 46

Examination of the medical disorders and injuries a person sustained in life (stress and disease) ## Footnote Can identify health status and stress - bone fractures, arthritis, and periodontal disease, and nutritional problems

Question 47

Mortuary analysis

Answer 47

Study of graves ## Footnote Includes analysis of human skeleton remains, the contents, and the pit or chamber

Question 48

Ascribed status

Answer 48

positions of power determined by lineage and inheritance (born into power)

Question 49

Achieved status

Answer 49

positions of power achieved throughout a lifetime