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Neuroscience I > Exam 2 Material: Vision > Flashcards

Exam 2 Material: Vision Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

light

A

band of electromagnetic radiation (photons)

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2
Q

wavelength determines

A

color

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3
Q

intensity determines

A

brightness

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4
Q

what does an object’s color depend on?

A

wavelength reflected and perceived

- rest of the colors absorbed

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5
Q

transduction

A

process of turning light into neural signals

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6
Q

how do you get color out of photons?

A

photons lead to different frequencies which leads to different wavelengths which leads to different colors

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7
Q

what range do we see color in nm

A

400-700nm

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8
Q

cornea

A

bends light entering the eye

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9
Q

lens

A

changes shape to focus light on the retina

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10
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

adjust focus by changing the shape of the lens

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11
Q

what do the cornea and lens work together to do?

A

focus light to the back of the retina

help get a clearer picture

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12
Q

Iris

A

colored ring that expands and contracts the pupil

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13
Q

pupil

A

allows light to enter the eye

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14
Q

Retina

A

layer of neurons in back of the eye

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15
Q

fovea

A

center of the retina

high density of S cones that produce very clear pictures

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16
Q

pupil and iris work together to…

A

control the size of pupil and regulate how much light comes in

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17
Q

how does the retina receive an image

A

upside down , but the brain is able to turn the image the right way

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18
Q

accommodation with ciliary muscles

A

contraction allows for far away objects o come into focus

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19
Q

where does visual processing first occur

A

retina

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20
Q

Retinal cell types (5)

A

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells

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21
Q

retinal cells that are interneurons

A

horizontal and amacrine cells

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22
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

sensory neurons that detect light

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23
Q

rods

A

scotopic
low acuity
black and white (no color)

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24
Q

scotopic

A

dim lighting conditions

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25
cones
photopic high acuity color vision (3 types of cones)
26
photopic
normal, bright light conditions
27
3 types of cones
S, M, L
28
S cones
blue
29
M cones
green
30
L cones
red
31
visual acuity
measure of detail, sharpest in fovea
32
Are there more cones or rods in the retina?
rods
33
Where are there more cones than rods in the retina?
fovea there are many cones but NO rods
34
optic disc
no rods or cones, all axons leave the eye to reach brain via the optic disc
35
the optic disc causes a break in visual field known as a ...
blind spot
36
Blind spot demo with black dot | What happened to the black dot when you read the letters?
it disappeared because the optic disc has no photoreceptors, it cannot see part of the visual field so there is not a hole in you vision the brain can overcome this
37
How does the brain accommodate blind spots?
it looks at what is around the blind spot and tries to extrapolate to fill the visual info in for you
38
visual information received by
photoreceptors
39
Bipolar cell dendrites receive input from where and synapse where
receive from photoreceptors, synapse on ganglion cells
40
Ganglion cell axons form the _____
optic nerve
41
optic nerve
carries information to the brain
42
what neurotransmitter helps transmit info from photoreceptors to bipolar cells
glutamate
43
Horizontal cells
in retina, contact photoreceptors and bipolar cells
44
Amacrine cells
contact bipolar and ganglion cells
45
horizontal and amacrine cells together...
integrate signals important for filtering info sent to the bipolar cells - can change activity of rods/cones and the message sent to the ganglion cells
46
All cell types, except ganglion cells generate ONLY
graded local potentials effecting each other through graded release of neurotransmitter (little bit of light will cause a little bit of glutamate release)
47
Ganglion cells conduct
action potentials
48
each photoreceptor is connected to 1 or more retinal ganglion cells, which convey the signal into the optic nerve towards the
brain
49
most ganglion cells receive input from ______
multiple photoreceptors
50
convergence
integration of information
51
high convergence =
low acuity
52
if a low convergence that means only 1 message is being dealt with and it will be a
high acuity
53
the whole area that is visible without movement
visual field
54
what does the retina represent about the visual field
a 2 dimensional map
55
organization is preserved as the information travels through the brain as a
topographic projection
56
much of the topographic projection corresponds to the _____ making high visual acuity possible
fovea
57
the area in the visual field that a specific cell responds to
receptive field
58
ex of receptive field
cones respond to specific colors within the visual field
59
each bipolar neuron only relays information from ______
a small part of the visual field
60
turning on light in the center of its receptive field excites the cell
on-center bipolar cells
61
turning off light in the center of the field excites the cells
off-center bipolar cells
62
the center and its surround are always
antagonistic, opposite on-center/off-surround off-center/on-surround
63
bipolar cells release _______ which always ______ ganglion cells
glutamate | depolarizes
64
on-center bipolar cells excite _______ | off-center bipolar cells excite________
on-center ganglion cells | off-center ganglion cells
65
bipolar cells release more/less glutamate depending on....
light intensity | changes rate of action potentials in ganglion cells
66
capacity of an excited sensory cell to REDUCE activity of its neighbors
lateral inhibition
67
what does lateral inhibition produce?
a contrast effect at the edges of a region
68
Bipolar cells that relay info from photoreceptors to ganglion cells can also inhibit eachother some ganglion cells report receiving
less light than they do | can change the message from bipolar cells to ganglion cells
69
lateral inhibition increases
contrast and sharpness in visual response
70
what inhibits ganglion cells stimulated by the right-hand edge of each dark panel
cells responding to the lighter band next door cell getting less light info to sharpen the edges looks darker because you are shutting down signals of neighboring cells
71
Herman Grid Illusion
grey dot appears at intersection points of all white lines - effect is greater from your peripheral vision - if you focus on a grey dot it disappears - the intersection falls in the fovea with very little lateral inhibition due to a small receptive field
72
2 retinal diseases
macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa
73
macular degeneration
leading cause of vision loss affects central vision peripheral vision fine blurs our perception of whatever it is we are trying to look at
74
retinitis pigmentosa
affects peripheral vision tunnel vision, cannot see what surrounds your focus rare genetic disorder does not usually lead to complete blindness

Neuroscience I (32 decks)

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