Quiz 2

Question 1

local network of nerves that regulate function of the gut
important role in maintaining fluid and nutrient balance
responsible for many disorders

Answer 1

enteric nervous system

Question 2

nervous system controlled by the CNS

Answer 2

enteric nervous system

Question 3

3 main subdivisions in the brain

Answer 3

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 4

has subcortical structures, cerebral cortex

higher level executive functioning

Answer 4

forebrain

Question 5

controls movement, visual/auditory processes, pain processing

Answer 5

midbrain

Question 6

known as the reptilian brain

vital for breathing, coordination and balance, arousal

Answer 6

hindbrain

Question 7

the brain has two…

Answer 7

cerebral hemispheres

Question 8

folded outermost layer of cerebral hemispheres

made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axons

Answer 8

cerebral cortex

Question 9

describe the folds in the cerebral cortex

Answer 9

made of gyri (folds) and sulci (lines/indents) that increase the amount of surface area (cortex) that can fit into the skull. Grouped into 4 lobes

Question 10

bundle of axons that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Answer 10

corpus callosum

Question 11

what are the 4 lobes of the brain

Answer 11

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 12

lobe of brain: movement and higher level cognition

- attention, planning, producing language, impulse control

Answer 12

frontal lobe

Question 13

lobe of brain: spatial cognition, sensory processing

- pain, touch, temperature, forms connections between sensory systems

Answer 13

parietal lobe

Question 14

lobe of brain: visual processing

Answer 14

occipital lobe

Question 15

lobe of brain: memory and learning

- smell, auditory processing

Answer 15

temporal lobe

Question 16

located in the posterior frontal lobe, important for motor control
- voluntary movements

Answer 16

precentral gyrus (motor cortex)

Question 17

located in the anterior parietal lobe, important for touch (whether it is light, painful, or a vibration)

Answer 17

postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex)

Question 18

boundary of the temporal lobe (separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes)

Answer 18

sylvian fissure

Question 19

divides frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

- separates precentral and postcentral gyrus

Answer 19

central sulcus

Question 20

difference between a sulcus and a fissure

Answer 20

fissures are deeper than sulci

Question 21

contains more cell bodies and dendrites which lack myelin

Answer 21

gray matter

Question 22

consists mostly of axons ith white myelin sheath

• fatty parts of the brain
• fiber tracts and axons

Answer 22

white matter

Question 23

bilateral network of brain regions important in motor control, reciprocally connected with the cortex
“I want to move” signal is filtered through here

Answer 23

basal ganglia

Question 24

structures within the basal ganglia

Answer 24

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra**

Question 25

fuse together to make up the striatum C shaped, 1 in both hemispheres - in rats it is just one thing

Answer 25

caudate and putamen

Question 26

has internal and external segments

Answer 26

globus pallidus

Question 27

some subcortical structures

Answer 27

basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 28

includes structures important for learning and memory, cognitive functions, emotional regulation, and sense of smell

Answer 28

limbic system

Question 29

within the limbic system

Answer 29

hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus**

Question 30

part of limbic system responsible for memory, spatial navigation

Answer 30

hippocampus

Question 31

part of limbic system involved in emotional regulation | - specifically fear!

Answer 31

amygdala

Question 32

part of limbic system involved in emotional regulation, homeostasis, eating drinking, water balance

Answer 32

cingulate gyrus

Question 33

part of limbic system with 4 functions

Answer 33

hypothalamus

Question 34

cluster of nuclei that relay sensory and motor information | - grand central station of the brain

Answer 34

thalamus

Question 35

four functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 35

Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, Fornicating

Question 36

what are the two midbrain sensory systems of the tectum

Answer 36

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 37

visual processing in the midbrain

Answer 37

superior colliculi

Question 38

auditory processing in the midbrain

Answer 38

inferior colliculi

Question 39

what are the 4 midbrain systems of the tegmentum

Answer 39

periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, red nucleus, reticular formation

Question 40

system of tegmentum involved in pain perception

Answer 40

periaqueductal gray

Question 41

system of tegmentum involved in motor systems | - line of black pigmented cells

Answer 41

substantia nigra

Question 42

system of tegmentum involved in motor systems

Answer 42

red nucleus

Question 43

system of tegmentum involved with sleep and arousal (arousal meaning being awake)

Answer 43

reticular formation

Question 44

what is part of the hindbrain

Answer 44

cerebellum, pons, medulla

Question 45

what is the brainstem composed of

Answer 45

midbrain, medulla, pons

Question 46

what is attached to the brainstem - crucial for motor coordination and control - participates in some types of learning - corrects movement when you are stumbling and is responsible for the smooth movement when walking

Answer 46

cerebellum

Question 47

part of hindbrain, contains motor control and sensory nuclei | - gives rise to some cranial nerves

Answer 47

pons

Question 48

part of hindbrain: marks transition from brain to spinal cord; contains cranial nerve nuclei (vagus) that drive essential processes like respiration and heart rate

Answer 48

medulla

Question 49

all axons from the brain to spinal cord pass through this

Answer 49

medulla

Question 50

responsible for blood flow to the cerebellum and meninges

Answer 50

vertebral artery

Question 51

vertebral arteries fuse at base of brain

Answer 51

basilar artery

Question 52

basilar artery gives rise to _____

Answer 52

posterior cerebral artery

Question 53

blood flow to ventral posterior brain and the occipital lobe

Answer 53

posterior cerebral artery

Question 54

main blood supply, you can feel this artery in your neck | - branches into anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Answer 54

internal carotid artery

Question 55

brings blood to most of cerebral cortex/hemisphere

Answer 55

anterior carotid artery

Question 56

brings blood to latera/outside cortex

Answer 56

middle carotid artery

Question 57

where the basilar, vertebral, and internal carotid arteries intermix the blood supply

Answer 57

circle of willis

Question 58

what does the circle of willis reduce

Answer 58

risk of life threatening strokes

Question 59

what is the BBB composed of

Answer 59

tightly packed capillaries and astrocytes feet

Question 60

limits the passage of substances between blood and brain (some blood can carry chemicals and pathogens) - large molecules can not get through, some things need transporters to cross

Answer 60

Blood brain barrier

Question 61

the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three protective membranes known as the

Answer 61

meninges

Question 62

tough outermost sheet

Answer 62

dura mater

Question 63

delicate innermost layer

Answer 63

pia mater

Question 64

substance between the dura mater and pia mater that cushions the brain in the CSF

Answer 64

arachnoid

Question 65

caused by rupture or blockage of blood vessels, leading to insufficient blood supply

Answer 65

stroke

Question 66

clots or other debris prevent blood from reaching a region of the brain, causing tissue to die

Answer 66

ischemic stroke

Question 67

rupture in an artery allows blood to leak into the brain | - brain bleed, can not get rid of the blood flowing in

Answer 67

hemorrhagic stroke

Question 68

the vomit center

Answer 68

area postrema

Question 69

area of the brain that has chemoreceptors to detect toxins that get into blood stream - if chemical binds that is toxic, it tells the brain it has to get rid of it quickly

Answer 69

area postrema

Question 70

series of chambers filled with CSF

Answer 70

the ventricular system

Question 71

direction of flow in ventricular system

Answer 71

lateral ventricles (bilateral) - 3rd ventricle (midline) - 4th ventricle (near pons and cerebellum) - exit to outside brain and spinal cord

Question 72

2 main functions of the CSF

Answer 72

1. shock absorber | 2. exchange medium between blood and brain

Question 73

newly discovered lymphatic system in the brain

Answer 73

glymphatic system

Question 74

provides flow of CSF through the interior of the brain that helps to clear cellular debris, proteins, other wastes - like garbage day

Answer 74

glymphatic system