Exam 2 Memorization Flashcards by Carter Farrell

composition of CSF compared to serum

CSF is more acidic

serum has more proteins, glucose, and a higher pH

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what mediates the sympathetic response of vasoconstriction in the cerebrum

NE and NPY

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where is glut3 found?

neurons

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where is glut5 found?

microglia

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what are the 4 circumventricular organs?

posterior pituitary

area postrema (vomiting)

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) (thirst)

subfornical organ

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where are the neurons that make Ach found

stream of basal ganglia (voluntary motion)

midbrain and pons (baseline cortex excitation and REM)

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M1, M3, and M5

Gq; IP3/DAG leading to increased calcium

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M2 and M4

Gi; decrease AC activity

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where is GAT-1 found

pre synaptic terminal

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where is GAT-2 found

glial cells surrounding the synapse

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why is it important for GAT-2 to transform GABA to inactive glutamine instead of glutamate

keep metabolic pool of AA separate from NT pool of AA

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GABA-A

ionotropic receptor (Cl-) produces IPSP in neurons

benzodiazepine, ethanol, and steroids potentate

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GABA-B

metabotropic receptor (Gi) that activates a K+ channel and inhibits Ca channels

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Glycine receptor

ionotropic (Cl-) creates IPSP; ethanol and general anesthesia potentiate

Strychnine antagonizes the receptor preventing its inhibitory functions

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P1 (A) receptor function

metabotropic; adenosine only
pre-synaptic leads to inhibition of NT release
post synaptic leads to sleep induction and neural fxn

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P2X receptor function

inotropic; ATP only

learning and memory and locomotor pathway modification

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P2Y receptor function

metabotropic (Gs/Gq); ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP

learning and memory and locomotor pathway modification

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what are the 4 precursors to opiods

propiomelanocortinin (PCOM) for beta endorphins
Pro-encephalin (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu/Met)
Pro-dynorphin (3 x Leu-enkephalin)
Orphanin FQ (nociceptin)

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Mu receptor function

metabotropic opioid receptor

analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, constipation, and sedation

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kappa receptor function

metabotropic opioid receptor

analgesia and dysphoria (bad feelings)

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delta receptor function

metabotropic opioid receptor

analgesia

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what opioid receptor leads to an increase in potassium efflux and hyperpolarization?

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what opioid receptor decreases calcium influx?

kappa and delta

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endocannabinoid distribution and function

basal ganglia - mood and motor performance
SC - pain
Cortex - neuroprotection

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where is CB1 receptor and what is its function

pre-synaptic of EAA and GABA synapses prevents EAA and GABA release via Gi proteins

Where is CB2 receptor and what is its function

microglia in brain anti-inflammatory action and removal of B-amyloid plaque

What are the NTs of the EAA system

glutamate and aspartate

NMDA receptor functions

allows calcium influx and has multiple regulation sites glycine binding site, magnesium binding site, PCP binding site ****both voltage and ligand gated****

Kainate receptor function

EAAs bind allowing Na and some Ca to enter

what physiologic functions do non-NMDA receptors have

primary sensory afferents and UMN

what physiology roles do NMDA receptors have

short and long term memory formation; synaptic plasticity

group 1 EAA metabotropic receptors

Gq - learning and memory

group 2 EAA metabotropic receptors

Gi - learning and memory

Calcium influx on NMDA receptors

Ca binds calcineurin and activates NO synthase to make NO; NO dissolves out and acts presynpatically to increase NT release

neural functions of NO

long term potentiation and memory CV and respiratory control in pons and medulla

4 effects of high calcium

increase in phospholipase A activity: releases arachidonic acid as 2nd messenger leading to elF2alpha-kinase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction activation of mu-calpain: proteolytic enzyme that destroys proteins leading to metabolic and structural impairments activation of calcineurin: excess NO production and ROS activation of apoptotic pathway: release of calcium from intracellular stores causes caspase 9 release and activation of caspase 3

4 effects of high calcium

where is the RAS and what provides its input

mid ventral portion of medulla and midbrain all ascending sensory tracts along with trigeminal, auditory, and visual

dorsal pathway from RAS

traverse through non-specific nuclei of the thalamus (Intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus)

ventral pathway from RAS

via basal forebrain and hypothalamus to higher cortex but SKIPS THALAMUS

parabrachial nuclei location

pons; crucial for arousal; ONLY VENTRAL PATHWAY (no thalamus)

Key NT for EAA pathways (RAS and parabrachial)

glutamate

Cholinergic pathway of arousal

PPT/LDT nuclei in pons ventral and dorsal pathways Acetylcholine

what systems take someone from coma to arousal

EAA/Ach (cholinergic)

what nucleus is responsible for noradrenergic arousal

locus ceruleus in the pons

where does the LC receive input from

paragigantoceullularis nucleus, PAG, and higher centers like cortex

function of the LC noradrenergic system

startle and alerting responses on the EEG along with sleep/wake cycles

what nucleus is responsible for serotonergic arousal

raphe nuclei in the pons

where does the Raphe Nucleus receive input from

SC, trigeminal, and PAG

function of Raphe Nuclei and serotenergic system

quiet awareness, mood and affect, and modulation of pain

what systems are needed to go from arousal to aware

NE and 5HT

Where is the nucleus for the dopaminergic arousal system

Ventral tegmental area VTA in midbrain

functions of dopaminergic arousal system

cognitive functions, motor activity, and emotion

functions of dopaminergic arousal system

cognitive functions, motor activity, and emotion

meissner corpuscle

RA for tap and flutter with a small field

hair follicle receptors

RA or SA for motion and direction

pacinian corpuscles

RA for vibration with a large field

Ruffini corpuscle

SA for skin stretch with a large field

merkel disc

SA for touch and pressure

peptidergic free nerve endings

express neuropeptides substance P and CGRP respond to NGF

non-peptidergic nerve endings

responsive to GDNF diabetic neuropathy

TRPV1

capsaicin and heat

TRPM8

menthol

TRPA1

allyl isothiocyanate

what innervates nuclear chain fiber and nuclear bag fiber

both 1a fibers chain also type II fiber but only for muscle length

cortex damage leading to uncontrolled brainstem facilitatory region

gamma MN increase leading to spasticity and decerbrate posturing

what do strokes in the internal capsule lead to

decorticate posturing and rigidity