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Neuro > Exam 3 Anatomy Memorization > Flashcards

Exam 3 Anatomy Memorization Flashcards

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1
Q

what cells are founding the molecular layer of the cerebellum

A

basket and stellate cells

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2
Q

what is the only excitatory neuron in the cerebellum

A

granule cells

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3
Q

what region bypasses the deep cerebellar nuclei and leaves from the inferior peduncle

A

vestibulocerebellum

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4
Q

vestibular neuritis

A

severe vertigo, nausea, vomiting but no hearing loss

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5
Q

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

brief vertigo episodes with changes in body position due to otoconia crystals lodged in the cupula of the semicircular canal

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6
Q

what synapses at the nucleus dorsalis of clark

A

1st order neurons of the posterior spinocerebellar tract ascending in the gracile fasciculus

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7
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle function

A

efferent route from globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei

afferent from anterior spinocerebellar tract

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8
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle function

A

largest and carries afferent fibers from the pontine nuclei up to the cortex

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9
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle function

A

afferent pathways from the spinal cord (posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar)

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10
Q

what afferents innervate receptor cells in the vestibular organ

A

vestibular ganglion or Scarpa ganglion

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11
Q

disruption of normal endolymph volume leading to endolymphatic hydrops

A

Meniere’s Disease

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12
Q

what route do vestibular afferents take

A

enter at PMJ, traverse the restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle) and branch to ascending and descending fibers

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13
Q

where do afferents from the semicircular canals (ampulla) generally project to

A

superior and medial vestibular nuclei

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14
Q

where do afferents from the otolith organs (maculae) generally project to

A

lateral, medial, and inferior vestibular nuclei

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15
Q

where do saccular afferents project to

A

contralateral oculomotor nucleus and influence vertical eye movements

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16
Q

area 2v and 3a

A

primary somatosensory cortex

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17
Q

area 7

A

parietal cortex for spatial orientation

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18
Q

insular areas of lateral sulcus and the parietoinsular vestibular Cortex (PIVC)

A

cells respond to body motion; lesions lead to vertigo and loss of perception for visual vertical

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19
Q

prefrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus

A

vestibular eye signals related to frontal eye field

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20
Q

where is the object of attention focused and centered to in the retina

A

fovea centralis and macula lutea

optic disc is medial to macula lutea

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21
Q

Magnocellular layers of the LGN

A

layers 1 and 2; with large rod inputs that have large receptive fields; rapidly conducting for moving objects

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22
Q

Parvocellular layers of LGN

A

layers 3-6; small cone input with small receptive fields; stationary stimuli with high acuity

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23
Q

temporal retina axons terminate where

A

2, 3, and 5 of LGN ipsilaterally

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24
Q

nasal retina axons terminate where

A

1, 4, and 6 of LGN contralterally

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25
where do fibers from the lower quadrant of contralateral hemifields originate and target
Dorsomedial LGN; through retrolenticular limb of IC and target superior bank of calcarine sulcus on the cuneus
26
where do fibers from upper quadrant of contralateral hemifields originate and target
ventrolateral LGN; arch up into white matter of temporal lobe making Meyer loop and target inferior bank of calacarine sulcus on the lingual gyrus
27
area 17
primary visual cortex
28
areas 18 and 19
visual association cortex; in parieto-occipitaq-temporal area
29
what spatial directs head/eye movements and visual reflexes (brainstem)
superior colliculus
30
what area is important for the pupillary light reflex
pretectal area
31
most likely areas for congruous lesions
posterior near cortex
32
associative visual agnosia
damage to left occipital lobe and posterior corpus callosum; leads to patient not being able to name or describe an object but can still use it
33
composition of the striatum
caudate - eye movement | putamen - motor
34
lenticular nucleus composition
putamen | globus pallidus - main output
35
what joins to form the thalamic fasciculus and enters the thalamus
``` lenticular fasciculus (through posterior limb of IC) ansa lenticularis (under post limb of IC) ```
36
Parkinson Disease
neurons from substantial migration do not release enough dopamine; leads to tremor, rigidity, and problems moving
37
Hypokinetic disorders
too little direct pathway and too much indirect pathway | hypokinesia and akinesis
38
Huntington's disease
AD disorder leading to degeneration of neurons in the striatum and cerebral cortex leading to decreased GABA; trouble maintaining tongue protrusion and random flailing and jerky movements
39
hyperkinetic disorder
too little indirect pathway effects
40
athetosis
cannot sustain body part in one position
41
ballismus
flailing of entire extremity; contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion
42
dystonia
persistence of posture at an extreme of an athetoid movement
43
where are the cell bodies of the cochlear part of CN 8
spiral ganglion; enter brainstem at PMJ and divide to ascending and descending branches before synapsing on cochlear nuclei
44
where do ascending bundles of the cochlear nerve synapse
anterior ventral cochlear nucleus
45
where do descending bundles of the cochlear nerve synapse
posterior division of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the dorsal cochlear nucleus
46
function of dorsal cochlear nucleus
identifying sound source elevation and complex characteristics
47
function of the ventral cochlear nucleus
horizontal localization of sound; anterior and posterior divisions
48
blood supply to the cochlea and auditory nuclei of the pons and medulla
basilar artery
49
blood supply of the inner ear and cochlear nuclei
labyrinthine artery off of the AICA
50
what does occlusion of AICA result in
monaural hearing loss along with ipsilateral facial palsy and inability to look towards the side of the lesion
51
blood supply of superior olivary complex and lateral lemniscus
short circumferential branches of the basilar artery
52
blood supply of the inferior colliculus
superior cerebellar and quadrigeminal
53
blood supply of medial geniculate bodies
thalamogeniculate arteries
54
blood supply of primary auditory and association cortices
M2 segment of middle cerebral artery
55
Wernicke's area
comprehension of written and spoken language
56
Broca's area
instruction for language output, planning movements to speak, and grammatical function of words
57
Area analogous to Wernicke's
nonverbal signs from people interpretation
58
area analogous to Broca's
instructions to produce non verbal communication (emotion gestures)
59
dorsal premotor cortex function in speech
motor programs for articulation
60
arcuate fasciculus function
word repetition
61
lateral temporal cortex function
semantic knowledge and word recognition or meaning
62
Broca area function
word processing, grammar, word production, and articulation
63
Wernicke area function
word representation and word retrieval
64
auditory agnosia
inability to describe a sound that has been heard; must be a sensory association cortex lesion bilaterally
65
global aphasia
non-fluent lesion of lateral sulcus leading to problems reading, writing, and speaking and understanding
66
Transcortical aphasia
similar to wernicke's where they cannot understand but can still repeat; damage at the ACA/MCA border
67
Conduction aphasia
lesion of the supra marginal gyrus and arcuate fasciciulus; cannot repeat but fluency is intact
68
where do the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus project to in the saccadic horizontal system
paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) or the horizontal gaze center CONTRALATERALLY
69
where do the axons travel to in the saccadic system after the PPRF
ipsilaterally (after initial crossing) abducens nucleus and crosses back to the original side in the MLF to the oculomotor nucleus
70
where do the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus project to in the saccadic vertical system
rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) or the vertical gaze center
71
lesion at red nucleus
cannot look down
72
lesion at riMLF
cannot look up
73
nucleus prepositus hypoglossi
found in pons | tonic cells for locking on in the horizontal saccadic system
74
interstitial nucleus of cajal
found in midbrain | tonic cells for locking on in the vertical saccadic system
75
ominpause cells of the Raphe nuclei
found in the RF | inhibit burst neurons so no more neuronal firing in saccadic system
76
smooth pursuit pathway
``` parieto-occipital junction pontine nuclei in pons CONTRALATERAL vestibulocerebellum (flocconodular lobe) medial vestibular nuclei cross back to abducens nucleus cross to other side oculomotor nucleus ```
77
lesion of parietal lobe leads to
loss of smooth pursuit movements towards the side of the lesion no optokinetic nystagmus when tape is moved towards damaged lobe
78
internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)
impaired horizontal eye movements weak adduction of affected eye abduction nystagmus of contralateral eye due to lesion in MLF of the pons or midbrain
79
what part of the brainstem is responsible for the baroreceptor reflex
rostral ventrolateral medulla
80
Central or pre-ganglionic lesion in horners syndrome
anhidrosis pupil dilates to drugs that cause NOR release no response to alpha-agonists before cervical ganglion
81
post-ganglionic lesion in Horner's syndrome
normal sweating no pupil dilation to drugs causing NOR release pupil dilates to alpha-agonists superior cervical ganglion or cavernous sinus lesion
82
what is in charge of the voluntary control of micturition
medial frontal cortex which sends inhibitory signals to inhibit the pontine micturition center
83
spastic bladder
lesions of pontine micturition center and sacral SC often with MS decreased bladder volume with increased pressure basically contraction of detrusor and external sphincter are not coordinated

Neuro (14 decks)

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