Exam 2 Metabolism

Question 1

2/3 of your body fluid is this?
1/3 of your body fluid is that

Answer 1

Icf or intracellular fluid
ECF or extracellular fluid

Question 2

Plasma makes up what percent of your body fluid

Answer 2

20%

Question 3

The remaining 80% of your body fluid that is not plasma is made up of what four things?

Answer 3

Synovial fluid
Fluid in the ears and eyes
Lymph
Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 4

What percent of your body mass is water

Answer 4

45 to 75%

Question 5

Increased ATP production increases what fluid

Answer 5

H2o

Question 6

Where is your thirst Center located and what does it control?

Answer 6

It is located in the medulla oblongata and controls the urge to drink

Question 7

How does being overweight affect the amount of water that you carry inside you and why?

Answer 7

Overweight people carry less water as there is very little water in adipose

Question 8

How much water do skeletal muscles carry?

Answer 8

65%

Question 9

Urine contains what that disassociates into ions

Answer 9

Electrolytes also known as of salts

Question 10

How do kidneys produce dilute urine or concentrated urine

Answer 10

Kidneys can excrete excess fluids producing dilute urine

Kidneys can excrete excess electrolytes and less water creating concentrated urine

Question 11

What controls whether the kidneys excrete dilute, urine or concentrated urine?

Answer 11

Hormones

Question 12

What are your two main sources of body water and roughly how much does each give you in milliliters?

Answer 12

Ingested liquids and moist foods give you 2,300 ml

Metabolic gives you 200 mL

Question 13

What are the four sources of your water loss?

Answer 13

Urine
Evaporation of sweat
Exhaled by lungs
Digestion- added to feces

Question 14

What disease causes damage to the pituitary gland? Making it so you cannot retain water so you have to drink a lot and pee a lot

Answer 14

Diabetes

Question 15

What does dehydration do to your blood pressure and how?

Answer 15

Dehydration results in lower H2O volume

Which causes lower blood volume

Which results in lower blood pressure?

Question 16

Define osmolarity

Answer 16

A measure of the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution

Question 17

What happens to your osmolarity when you are dehydrated?

Answer 17

Your osmolarity has a high concentration of solutes so your blood becomes thick

Question 18

What happens to your thirst Center and five other systems when you’re dehydrated?

Answer 18

They are all activated

Question 19

What does ADH stand for

Answer 19

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 20

Where is ADH produced and stored

Answer 20

It is produced in the hypothalamus and it is stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Question 21

What does ADH stimulate?

What does an increase in ADH cause The hypothalamus to do

Answer 21

It stimulates the movement of H2O from the DCT and collecting duct into the blood. An increase of blood volume increases blood pressure

If the hypothalamus detects increased blood pressure, it decreases the production of ADH so no fluids are retained from the renal tubules into the blood

Question 22

What is the release of ADH stimulated by?

Answer 22

High blood osmolarity meaning lots of solute and very little H2O

Question 23

What electrolyte makes up the majority of cations in the extracellular fluid?

Answer 23

Sodium

Question 24

What are sodium levels controlled by?

Answer 24

Adh
Anp
Aldosterone

Question 25

Define hyponatremia

Answer 25

Low sodium in the blood

Question 26

Define hypernatremia

Answer 26

High sodium in the blood

Question 27

What is the most common anion in the ECF?

Answer 27

Chloride

Question 28

What is chloride used to make?

Answer 28

Hydrochloric acid or stomach acid

Question 29

What processes affect CL levels?

Answer 29

Adh Anp Aldosterone

Question 30

What electrolyte is abundant in the ICF?

Answer 30

Potassium

Question 31

What is potassium required for

Answer 31

Muscle contraction Blood clotting Nerve impulses. (Conduction)

Question 32

What do potassium cells do to maintain BP?

Answer 32

Exchange the movement of hydrogen H+ for potassium K+

Question 33

What is hyperkalemia?

Answer 33

High potassium levels

Question 34

What does the body do to compensate for hyperkalemia?

Answer 34

The body releases aldosterone The collecting duct. Secretes potassium Which is excreted by the kidneys Which can cause v-fib meaning a heart attack

Question 35

What is hypokalemia

Answer 35

Low potassium levels

Question 36

What does the body do when you have hypokalemia

Answer 36

It decreases the production of aldosterone The kidneys reabsorb potassium Blood volume and blood pressure increase

Question 37

Is bicarbonate or hco3 found in the ICF or the ECF?

Answer 37

Ecf

Question 38

What does bicarbonate buffer

Answer 38

It buffers blood to maintain the pH range And controls the release of CO2

Question 39

Is calcium or ca2 found in the ECF or the ICF?

Answer 39

The ECF

Question 40

Where is 98% of your calcium stored

Answer 40

Your skeleton and teeth

Question 41

What is hypocalcemia and what three things does it stimulate?

Answer 41

It is low calcium It stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone or pth Which stimulates osteoclasts? Which remove the calcium in your bones through resorption? It stimulates the release of calcium from the renal tubules back into the blood through reabsorption It increases the production of calcitriol. (The active form of vitamin d) Needed for absorption

Question 42

What is a blood pH range

Answer 42

7.35 to 7.45

Question 43

What can help fix a person who has an irregular pH due to a metabolic (renal) problem?

Answer 43

Hyperventilation or hypoventilation can help restore pH through respiratory compensation

Question 44

What can help a person that has an irregular pH due to respiratory causes

Answer 44

Secretion of h/ Reabsorption of hco3 in the renal tubule may help restore pH also called renal compensation

Question 45

What are the signs that someone is having respiratory acidosis and what renal compensation occurs to help with this?

Answer 45

Signs CO2 is high in arterial blood The person is not exhaling enough CO2 Carbonic acid is forming Blood pH is dropping below. 7.35 Renal compensation occurs when the kidneys increase the excretion of h and the reabsorption of hco3

Question 46

What are the causes of respiratory acidosis? What are the goals? And what are the treatments?

Answer 46

Causes can include muscle disorder, emphysema, pulmonary edema, and brain damage Goal would be to exhale more CO2 Treatment includes ventilation therapy or iv of hco3

Question 47

What are the signs and goals of respiratory alkalosis

Answer 47

Signs include low CO2 and blood results and too little carbonic and low PH Goal would be to increase blood levels of CO2

Question 48

What is the renal compensation of respiratory alkalosis? The causes And the treatments

Answer 48

Renal compensation would include kidneys decrease excretion of age to decrease pH making the blood more acidic Causes include anxiety, high altitude, stroke or pulmonary disease Treatment would include breathing into a paper bag

Question 49

What are the signs and causes of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 49

Low levels of hco3 in the blood meaning you have no buffer Causes include loss of hco3 due to diarrhea or kidneys Ketosis meaning excessive lipolysis forms. Ketone bodies Failure to excrete h

Question 50

What is the treatment for metabolic acidosis?

Answer 50

If not too severe. Hyperventilation which is respiratory compensation Meaning short breasts to remove CO2 Or an IV hco3?

Question 51

What are the signs and causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 51

Signs include high levels of hco3 in blood Causes include excessive intake of alkaline drugs for example Tums Excessive vomiting for a loss of HCL Dehydration Hormone disorders

Question 52

What is the renal compensation and treatment of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 52

Renal compensation is hypoventilation Treatment is IV of electrolytes