Exam 2: Microbial Diseases of Cardiovascular System/Systemic Diseases Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What refers the the presence of a microbial infection of the blood that causes illness?
A
septicemia
2
Q
What are the three subcategories of septicemia?
A
- Bacteremia
- Toxemia
- Viremia
3
Q
What is invasion of the bloodstream by bacteria?
A
Bacteremia
4
Q
What is it called when bacteria remain fixed at a site of infection but release toxins into the blood?
A
Toxemia
5
Q
What is invasion of the bloodstream by viruses?
A
Viremia
6
Q
What is an infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels called?
A
Lymphangitis
recall in micro, “-itis” = infection
7
Q
T/F. Lymphangitis is the same as Cellulitis.
A
False— it is NOT cellulitis (Cellulitis = used to describe spreading bacterial skin infections)
8
Q
What may cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise, septic shock, petechiae, and osteomyelitis?
A
Septicemia
9
Q
When we see osteomyelitis, what organism should we associated with causing this?
A
Staph. aureus
10
Q
What are the symptoms for Toxemia?
A
varies–
- Exotoxins–> release from living microbes
- Endotoxins –> released from Gram (-) bacteria–> like Lipid A –> ONLY when cell wall destroyed
11
Q
How does one get septicemia?
A
often opportunistic or nosocomial infections (need to be immunocompromised–AIDS, child, elderly, CA, transplant patients)
12
Q
T/F. Immunocompetent inds. commonly get septicemia.
A
FALSE–they rarely get speticemia
13
Q
Does Gram (-) or Gram (+) bacteria produce more severe septicemia?
A
Gram (-) bacteria
due to endotoxin after destruction of cell wall
14
Q
What is an extremely important sign that may need someone has Endocarditis?
A
new or changed heart murmur
15
Q
What two organisms should we remember that may cause Endocarditis?
A
Steptococcus mutans–> causes cavities
Staphylococcus aureus
(Bacteria Gram +)
16
Q
What bacterial disease causes a fever, fatigue, malaise, tachycardia, inflam. of heart valves, and may cause a new or changed heart murmur?
A
Endocarditis
17
Q
What does Endocarditis may do to the valves of the heart?
A
created vegetations = colony of bacteria growth on heart valves
18
Q
What is the mode of transmission for Endocarditis?
A
usually have obvious source of infection
19
Q
What organism is one of the MC causes of cavities? What may it lead to?
A
Streptococcus mutans
Endocarditis
20
Q
What may a person have that may increase they risk for Endocarditis?
A
abnormal heart have increased risk
21
Q
What is a prevention strategy for Endocarditis for high-risk patients?
A
Prophylactic antibiotics–> given to patents before dental surgery (prevent S. mutans inf.)
22
Q
What disease may cause joint inflammation, small nodules or hard round bumps under the skin, fever, fatigue,etc, and children 5-15 are most at risk?
A
Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease
23
Q
What organism causes Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease?
A
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram + Bacteria
24
Q
What is the mode of transmission of Rheumatic Fever/Heart Disease?
A
occurs 1-5 weeks following Streptococcus pyogenes inf.–> such as STREP THROAT or Scarlet fever
25
How is at risk for Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease? Why is this age of concern? It is common in the U.S.?
children ages 5-15 are most at risk
- - if get strep throat this disease could develop 1-5 weeks following inf.
- - therefore Tx strep throat with prompt antibiotics
NOT common in U.S. due to access of antibiotics for strep throat
26
How is the Tx and prevention for Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic heart disease?
- surgical valve repair or replacement if severe damage
| - best prevention = prompt antibiotics if child develops strep throat
27
What are the two heart diseases that are caused by bacteria that we discussed?
1. Endocarditis
| 2. Rheumatic Fever/ Rheumatic Heart Disease
28
What systemic disease causes one to have a fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon, along with chills, sweating, HA, myalgia, and weight loss?
Brucellosis
aka Undulant Fever
29
What organism causes Undulant Fever?
(aka Brucellosis)
Brucella melitensis
Gram - Bacteria--> endotoxin--> Lipid A
30
Where is Brucella melitensis typically found and what does it cause?
found in sheep and goats
causes Undulant Fever (aka Brucellosis)
31
How does one get Undulant Fever (aka Brucellosis)?
contact with contaminated dairy products or infected animal parts (typically sheep and goats)
-->therefore farmers and vets at higher risk
32
What is an AKA for Tularemia?
Rabbit Fever
33
What is an AKA for Brucellosis?
Undulant Fever
34
What are the symptoms of Rabbit Fever?
(aka Tularemia)
- skin lesions and swollen lymph nodes at inf. site
- ascending lymphangitis
- could cause possible death
(most ppl get skin lesions and will resolve)
35
What organism causes Rabbit Fever?
(aka Tularemia)
Francisella tularensis
(Grame - Bacteria)
lives mostly in rabbits
36
Someone that has been bitten by a tick and is experiences skin lesions, swollen lymph nodes at inf site, and ascending lymphagitis may have what disease?
Tularemia
aka Rabbit Fever
37
What is the vector and reservoir for the organism Francisella tularensis?
Reservoir = rabbits
Vector = inf. tick
(causes Rabbit Fever/Tularemia)
38
How is Francisella tularensis transmitted?
via infected rick or contact with infected animal
39
What is Tularemia/Rabbit Fever considered due to its high virulence?
Category A bioterrorist threat
40
What is a way to prevent getting Rabbit Fever/Tularemia?
wear rubber gloves when handling or skinning wild animals (rabbits, also rodents)
41
What are the two progressive states of the Plague and how are the transmitted?
Bubonic plague--> flea bite or contact with inf. rodent of flea feces
Pneumonic plague--> Person-to-person, can spread to others
42
If someone has buboes, what disease are we thinking they have? Where are they MC?
Plague
- groin, armpit, neck
(buboes = swollen painful lymph nodes)
43
What disease is characterized by high fever, buboes, bactermia, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), subcutaneous hemorrhaging, and death of tissues?
Bubonic plague
44
What is known as the "Black Death", why?
Bubonic plague due to the necrotic skin darkening
45
What organism causes the Plague?
Yersinia pestis
Gram (-) Bacteria
46
How is the Bubonic Plague spread?
flea bite or contact with infected rodent or flea feces
| cannot spread to others yet
47
How is the Pneumonic Plague spread?
one gets it once bacterium spread to lungs
now can spread person-to-person via aerosols and sputum
48
What is the death rate for the pneumonic plague if it isn't treated?
100% fatal if NOT treated w/in first 24 hours
49
What is the death rate for the Bubonic plague?
untreated --> 50% fatal
| treated --> 5-15% fatal
50
What is the vector and reservoir for Bubonic plague?
vector = flea bite
reservoir = rodent (rats, mice, squirrels, prairie dogs)
51
What is the Plague categorized as?
Category A Bioterrorist threat
| --extremely virulent
52
What are the three phases of Lyme Disease is untreated in patients?
1. Expanding red "bull's-eye" rash (in 75% of cases), lymphadenopathy
2. Neurological symptoms, meningitis, encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy, Bell's Palsy (10% cases)
3. Severe, chronic arthritis
53
If patient comes in with a red "bull's-eye" rash and lymphadenopathy at the infection site and what are we thinking they have? What another name for this rash?
Lyme Disease
| also called -- erythema migrans
occurs in 75% of patients
54
What organism causes Lyme Disease?
caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
| recall spirochete shape also causes syphilis
55
What is the other name some may give for Lyme Disease?
Lyme Borreliosis
56
What is the number one tick borne illness in the U.S.?
Lyme Disease
-- also is one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the U.S.
57
What is the mode of transmission for Lyme Disease?
via a tick
tick= the vector
58
Where is Lyme Disease more localized in the U.S.?
states in northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and north-central regions
59
What systemic bacterial disease is characterized by recurring episdoes of septicemia and fever due to body's repeated effort to remove the spirochetes?
Relapsing Fever
60
What are the two pathogens that cause Relapsing Fever and what do we call they diseases they manifest with?
1. Louse-borne Relapsing Fever : spirochete Borrelia recurrentis
2. Endemic Relapsing Fever: Several Borrelia spp.
61
How is Louse-borne relapsing fever transmitted?
| How is Endemic relapsing fever transmitted?
human body louse
soft ticks
62
What disease is characterized by a severe sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and in 50% of cases an enlargement of the spleen, and may effect the liver?
Infectious Mononucleosis
63
What causes Infectious Mononucleosis?
Human Herpes Virus-4 (HVV-4)
aka Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
64
What is the mode of transmission for Infectious Mononucleosis?
via saliva; known as the "kissing disease"
will establish a latent infection
ass. with many other conditions
65
What disease is mostly asymptomatic; but typically symptomatic in fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients causing birth defects, mono-like symptoms and eye infections?
Cytomegalovirus
66
What causes Cytomegalovirus?
HHV-5 (human herpes virus-5)
aka Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
67
How is Cytomegalovirus transmitted?
- bodily secretions
- usually occurs via sexual intercourse
- in utero exposure, vaginal birth
68
What individuals are we most worried about Cytomegalovirus causing issue sin?
fetuses, newborns, and esp. immunocompromised inds--> AIDS patients
69
What systemic disease manifests in three stages and the third stage one experiences jaundice, and hemorrhaging (blood in vomit), called "black vomit"?
Yellow Fever (virus)
70
What organism causes Yellow Fever?
Yellow Fever Virus
an arbovirus = athropod borne
71
What are the three stages of Yellow Fever?
1. fever, HA, muscles aches
2. period of remission
3. jaundice and "Black vomit"
72
How is Yellow Fever transmitted? Where do most cases occur today?
vector = mosquito
| South America and Africa
Hx of traveling there
73
What percentage of people is Dengue Fever usually asymptomatic in?
80%
74
What are the two types of disease caused by Dengue Viruses?
1. Dengue Fever (aka "break-bone fever")
| 2. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
75
What type of disease that is caused by Dengue Viruses is more severe? What percentage of cases does this occur in? How does it manifest?
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever; occurs in ~5% of cases
-- internal bleeding, shock, and possibly death
76
How does Dengue Fever manifest?
(aka "break-bone fever")
First Phase: fever, edema, head and muscle pain
Second Phase: return of fever and red rash
77
How is Dengue Fever or Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever transmitted?
mosquito vector
is an arbovirus
78
Is there a treatment for Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever?
no
79
What systemic disease is characterized by severe internal hemorrhaging and uncontrolled bleeding under the skin and from every body opeing?
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
80
What causes Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever? Is it dangerous, as in is categorized as anything?
Ebolavirus
Category A bioterrorist threat
BSL-4 (bio-safety level 4)
81
Where does Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever occur? How is it spread?
Africa
spread person to person by contaminated body fluids and syringes
(mode of transmission to humans in unknown)
82
What is the death rate for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
up to 90% of human victims die
83
What are the three Protozoan systemic disease we discussed?
1. Malaria
2. Toxoplasmosis
3. Chages' Disease
84
What systemic disease is caused by a protozoa and the vector is a mosquito and it will cause fever, chills, diarrhea, HA, ~cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction, anemia, weakness, fatigue, and jaundice?
Malaria
85
What is the most severe form of Malaria called?
blackwater fever (Plasmodium falciparum)
86
What form of Malaria causes extreme fever, erythrocyte lysis, renal failure, and dark urine and can be fatal within 24 hours?
Blackwater fever caused by Plasmodium flaciparum
87
What organism causes Malaria? What are the four species that can?
1. Plasmodium ovale (mild)
2. Plasmodium vivax (chronic, MC)
3. Plasmodium malariae (more serious)
4. Plasmodium falciparum (MOST severe)
88
What organism causes the MC form of malaria?
Plasmodium vivax
89
What organism causes the generally mild disease of Malaria?
Plasmodium ovale
90
What organism causes the more serious form of malaria, but not the most severe form?
Plasmodium malariae
91
What organism causes the most SEVERE form of malaira?
Plasmodium falciparum
92
What is the vector for Malaria?
mosquitoes
93
Where is Malaria an endemic?
throughout tropics and subtropics
a child dies every minute from malaria
94
What systemic disease is caused by either inhalation of ingestion of the organism and a majority of cases have no symptoms, but if there are symptoms they have fever, malaise, inflam of lungs, liver, and heart, and it is a protozoan?
Toxoplasmosis
cauesed by Toxoplasma gondii
95
What two populations is Toxoplasmosis more severe in?
AIDS patients and fetuses
therefore pregnant women should not clean cat litter boxes
96
T/F. Pregnant women are at great risk of Toxoplasmosis.
FALSE--it is the fetus that is at risk (NOT the mom)
97
How does one get Toxoplasmosis?
- consuming undercooked, contaminated meat
| - ingestion or inhalation of feces contaminated soil
98
T/F. Toxoplasmosis can cross the placenta.
True--hence why pregnant women shouldn't clean out litter boxes
99
What disease has characteristic chagomas in its first stage and in its forth stage has congestive heart failure following formation of pseudocysts?
Chagas' Disease
100
What organism causes Chagas' Disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi
a protozoa
101
How is Chagas' Disease transmitted?
vector = bite of reduviid bugs (aka True Bugs and "Kissing bugs")
or transfusion with infected blood
102
Where is Chagas' Disease and endemic?
throughout Central and South America and now Texas
103
What are the two Helminthic cardiovascular and systemic disease we talked about?
1. Lymphatic filariasis
| 2. Schistosomiasis
104
What disease can remain asymptomatic for up to 17 years and then the chronic lymphatic damage can result in elephantiasis?
Lymphatic Filariasis
105
What organism causes Lymphatic Filariasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
a nematode (roundworm)
106
What is the vector for Lymphatic FIlariasis? Where is it an endemic?
mosquito
in tropical and sub-tropical regions (of Asia, Africa, Central, South america, pacific island nations)
107
What is the other name for Snail Fever?
Schistosomiasis
108
What disease has a Swimmer's itch at infection site and causes cirrhosis of lungs and liver and distended stomach
Schistosomiasis
aka Snail Fever
109
What organisms cause Schistosomiasis?
```
(aka Snail Fever)
3 species of Blood flukes (trematodes) in genus Schistosoma
- S. mansoni
- S. haemotobium
- S. japonicum
```
110
How does one contract Schistosomiasis (aka Snail Fever)?
contact with contaminated water and it burrows through skin
111
What is the reservoir for Schistosomiasis?
(aka Snail Fever)
snails
112
T/F. Snail Fever is a reemerging disease, but is not found in the U.S. but is potentially fatal and one of the major public health problems in the world.
True
aka Schistosomiasis
