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Microbiology Midterm > Exam 2- microbial growth and metabolism > Flashcards

Exam 2- microbial growth and metabolism Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

macronutrients:

A

C,H,O,N,Fe

P,S,K,Mg,Na,Ca

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2
Q

siderophores:

A

Many bacteria, both G+ and G−, produce and secrete siderophores to scavenge iron from the extracellular environment. Siderophore–iron complexes are transported into the cell through receptors in the membrane.

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3
Q

lactoferin:

A

bind to Fe and make it unavailable for bacteria -protect humans (nutritional immunity)

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4
Q

inorganic carbon source are?

A

autotrophs

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5
Q

organic carbon source are?

A

heterotroph

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6
Q

photoautotrophs are?

A

light energy, inorganic co2

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7
Q

chemoautotrophs are?

A

Inorganic compounds for energy, inorganic co2

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8
Q

photoheterotrophs are?

A

light energy, organic co2

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9
Q

chemoheterotrophs are?

A

inorganic compounds for energy, organic co2

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10
Q

what categorizes chemoheterotrophs?

A

respiration (aerobic or anaerobic) and fermentation

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11
Q

how many ATP do you get from fermentation?

A

2

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12
Q

how many ATP do you get from anaerobic respiration?

A

12-28

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13
Q

how many ATP do you get from aerobic respiration?

A

36-38

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14
Q

how many ATP do you get from glycolysis?

A

2

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15
Q

What is the pathway for the 6-carbon sugar?

A

1.glycolisis 2, 3-carbon molecules creating pyruvate
2. branch point in metabolism

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16
Q

require oxygen, grow at the top:

A

obligate aerobes

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17
Q

anaerobic and aerobic but grow better with oxygen, growth throughout but more at the top

A

facultative anaerobe

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18
Q

cease with oxygen, growth at the bottom (anotoxic)

A

obligate anaerobes

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19
Q

tolerate oxygen, but don’t use it, growth throughout

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

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20
Q

oxygen require in low concentration, growth in the middle

A

micro-aerophiles

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21
Q

redox is?

A

the movement of elections

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22
Q

NAD+ is?

A

oxidized

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23
Q

NADH is?

A

reduced

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24
Q

ATP from Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis are made from?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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25
gradient outside the electron transport chain?
proton motive force
26
in the electron transport chain what is oxygen considered?
the terminal electron acceptor
27
P+ADP= ATP is called?
oxidative phosphorylation
28
what enzyme is used in aerobic respiration
cytochrome oxidase
29
why is the ETC smaller with no oxygen present
fewer protons-smaller proton motive force per glucose-less ATP per molecule
30
what determined how long the ETC is and how much of a radiant is created?
the terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration- zinc, iron
31
what happens to the oxygen in the ETC in aerobic respiration?
the enzyme superoxide dismutase creates h2o2 a toxin radical, then the enzyme catalase is used to create oxygen and water
32
what happens in a anaerobic jar?
packets relate co2 and h2, palladium takes h2 and o2 and makes water. 02 is released to gather in the packet, co2 stays in the environment and methylene blue is the indicator of oxygen
33
what organism can detoxify o2 and o2- in small amounts?
aerotolerant aerobes
34
what organisms will be killed and cannot detoxify 02 and 02-?
obligate anaerobes
35
where does the ETC occur?
in the cell membrane
36
how many cells are in a colony to be seen by the naked eye on TSA?
10,000 cells
37
what is confluent growth
Confluent growth means a continuous bacterial growth covering the entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
38
what do we have to assume about growth?
1.each colony is pure 2.each started with a single cell 3.every cell in the colony is a clone
39
what can we not determine with liquid cultures?
purity
40
what is turbidity?
growth (cloudy)
41
what does pellicle growth look like?
growth at the top
42
what does flocculent growth look like?
clumps that suspend in liquid
43
what does sediment growth look like?
growth settles to the bottom
44
how does binary fission work?
1.cell elongates + DNA is replicated 2. cell wall and plasma membrane grow inwards 3. cross-wall forms completely around divided DNA 4. cells separate
45
what is turgor/hydrostatic pressure?
force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
46
when does turgor/hydrostatic pressure occur?
1. hypotonic environments 2.cell wall containing bacteria in binary fission
47
what is autolysis?
the destruction of cells and tissues by their own enzymes
48
what is generation time (G)?
time it takes to go from 1 cell to 2 cells
49
what is the max, min, and optimum temp of growth of a microbe called?
cardinal growth temperatures
50
what happens at a microbe min temp growth?
1.membrane phospholipids do not mover well enough to maintain proper fluidity which impacts transport across the membrane 2.the rate of reactions catalyzed by enzymes is too slow 3.no observable growth 3.wont die, but may be out competed
51
what happens at a microbes max temp growth?
1.loss of membrane integrity 2.uncontrolled transport across membrane 3.proteins and enzymes denature 4.cells can die
52
what are psychrophiles?
optimum growth below standard room temp
53
what are mesophiles?
optimum growth at room temp-slightly above human body temp
54
what are thermophiles?
optimum growth above mesophiles but less than 70 Celsius
55
what are hypertermophiles?
optimum growth above 70 Celsius
56
what are acidophiles?
optimum growth with pH less than 6.0 (acidic and higher concentration of hydrogen) -have to pump out H+
57
what are neutrophiles?
optimum growth pH 6.0-8.0 (neutral is 7.0)
58
what are alkaliphiles?
optimum growth ph of 8.0+ (basic and lower concentration hydrogen) -accumulate H+
59
what is a non-halophile?
cannot tolerate increased environmental solute concentrations
60
what is a halotolerant?
thrives best at normal solute concentrations
61
what is a halophile?
requires increased solute concentrations in their environment
62
what is an extreme halophile?
cannot grow until solute concentrations are much higher than normal
63
what are barotolerant organisms?
grow best at 1atm but can tolerate higher pressure
64
what are barophiles?
microbes that require increased pressure

Microbiology Midterm (3 decks)

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