Exam 2, Modules 4 - 7 Flashcards
(124 cards)
The neural network responsible for detecting the simple cue (called a sign stimulus, or releaser) and activating the instinct, (called fixed action pattern), was called the __ __ __ by Tinbergen and Lorenz (both classical ethologists).
innate releasing mechanism
__: The study of the proximate mechanisms and adaptive value of animal behavior.
Ethology
__ : A behavioral pattern that reliably develops in most individuals, promoting a functional response to a __ stimulus the __ time the behavior is performed.
Instinct;
releaser;
first
Fixed action pattern : An __, highly __ response that is fully functional at its __ occurrence.
Triggered by a well-defined, simple __.
Once the pattern is activated, the response is performed in its __.
innate
stereotyped
first
stimulus
entirety
The component of an action or object that triggers a fixed action pattern in an animal is this.
Sign stimulus or releaser
__ stimulus: exaggerated stimuli that can be more effective at eliciting a response than normal stimuli.
supernormal
In a phenomenon called __ __, brood parasite chicks exploit the sensory systems of their hosts to ensure that they get fed, even when the markings fail to match those of their host species’ chicks perfectly.
This phenomenon is a simple relationship between an innate __ mechanism, sign __, and FAP, and is highlighted by the ability of some species to __ the FAPs of other species, a tactic sometimes referred to as code __.
Sensory exploitation (e.g., cuckoo)
releasing
stimulus
exploit
breaking
Explain the FAP of egg retrieval behavior in a graylag goose.
- If egg removed under a goose, goose will stretch its neck, tuck the egg, and roll back into its nest.
- If egg replaced with egg-shaped object, the goose would retrieve.
- If egg/object removed as it was being retrieved, the bird would continue retrieval behavior.
As a result of the egg retrieval behavior in graylag goose, Tinbergen and Lorenz concluded that:
* The goose has perceptual mechanism highly sensitive to __ cues (_-shaped objects).
* This sensory mechanism relays its information to the brain that __ activates a relatively invariant motor program for egg retrieval.
visual
egg
automatically
Experiments with herring gull chicks have revealed that recently hatched chicks __ almost everything except two __ cues: the shape of the “bill” (realistic or just a pencil with dots) and the red dot at the end of it.
ignore
visual
__: “the world as the animal perceives it.”
It includes acquisition of information – animals collect data (aka __), extract info from the data (aka __), and recognize stimuli that are of critical importance (aka __ __).
Umwelt
transduction
coding
feature detection
Light (also called __ energy) serves as a stimulus for information gathering by organisms.
electromagnetic
An exampe of a primitive eye that senses light and direction is the __ __ eye __.
A combination of photoreceptors that are both stimulated and not stimulated convey the __ of the light
Sea worm eye cup
direction
__ eyes permit projection of an image onto receptors.
Three examples include:
1. __ camera eye
2. Vertebrate __ camera eye
3. __ eye (basically an array of eye __ pointed in different directions).
True
- Pinhole
- lens
- Compound; cups
A nautilus has a __ camera eye which is basically an eye __ that developed into a chamber.
Advantage: Achieves true imaging by __ the size of the opening
Disadvantage: poor __
pinhole;
cup
reducing
resolution
Re. vertebrate lens camera eye:
Advantage: high __
Disadvantage: (1) much brain __ is needed for highly detailed visual processing. (2) __ (both __ and __) are densely packed at the fovea (1:1), but outside the fovea, many receptors (mostly __) share a single __.
resolution
space
Receptors (rods and cones)
(rods)
neuron
The __ eye is basically an array of eye cups pointed in different directions.
Advantage (vs. lens camera eye): much more efficient for invertebrates due to its lightweight but higher (than cup eye) __. (1/50 of camera-lens resolution, but 1/__ of weight).
Disadvantage: __ (diffusion) gets worse with __ wavelengths; BUT they can detect __ rays.
Compound
resolution
5000
Diffraction
longer
UV
Each element of a compound eye (the ‘cups’) is called an __.
Ommatidium
In vertebrate lens camera eye, horizontal cells that are receiving intense stimuli from some rods will laterally inhibit other cells that are not receiving as much stimulation in a phenomenon called __ __.
It creates the illusion of a ‘__ band’ of light / darker areas. The evolutionary significance is enhanced __ detection.
Lateral inhibition
mach
edge
__ cells: retinal cells that connect to several receptors (rods and cones) to enhance edge detection.
Horizontal
Specialized adaptations in visual info processing include:
__: reflective membrane at the back of the retina of nocturnal animals’ eyes (glow). Gives escaped __ a second chance to be delivered to rods.
The __ and __ of each eye is what determines binocularity and monocularity: eyes that are closer and oriented forward will have binocularity with superior __ perception due to the __ visual fields of both eyes.
Tapetum
photons
distance
orientation
depth
overlapping
Sound signals are __ stimuli.
__ (long wavelength, deep sound, travels far) and __ (short wavelength, high sound).
Sound causes neuroreceptors to fire at a rate that relates to the __, the __, and the __ of the sound stimulus.
mechanical
Infrasound
ultrasound
intensity
wavelength
direction
What is echolocation used for?
Hunting AND navigation
The __ __ hypothesis proposes that insects are able to hear pulses of bat ultrasound with one ear on each side of the thorax.
ultrasound evasion