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PSY 341 > Exam 2 Mutli Choice > Flashcards

Exam 2 Mutli Choice Flashcards

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1
Q

Understand the Fear Circuit

A

Info comes in from the world; to the thalamus; to either amygdala or prefrontal cortex

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2
Q

If fear information goes to the amygdala first then…

A

The stress response starts quickly (mostly unconscious)

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3
Q

If fear information goes to the prefrontal cortex first then…

A

The stress response starts slowly (thinking about it; intentional)

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4
Q

How do the amygdala and prefrontal cortex communicate?

A

The P.C. can tell the amygdala to calm down; the amygdala can tell P.C. to get anxious

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5
Q

How is GABA associated with anxiety?

A

People with GAD have limited GABA; which is released to inhibit “anxious” neurons from firing

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6
Q

Most common class of antiaxiety drugs

A

Benzodiazepines

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7
Q

Characteristics of Benzodiazepines

A

Provides temporary relief, causes drowsiness, anxiety with withdrawal, physical dependence is possible, mixes poorly with other drugs

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8
Q

Most common class of drugs used to treat most anxiety disorders

A

Antidepressants

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9
Q

Typical characteristics of antidepressants

A

Affects serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, regulates the fear circuit

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10
Q

3 Cognitive New Wave Explanations for Anxiety

A

-Intolerance of Uncertainty
-Avoidance Theory
-Meta Worry

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11
Q

Intolerance of Uncertainty

A

Some people have a higher tolerance to the unknown

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12
Q

Avoidance Theory

A

Some of us are very uncomfortable with the physical experience of stress

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13
Q

Meta Worry

A

Sometimes we judge ourselves for being anxious (worry about worrying)

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14
Q

What is the biological challenge?

A

The induction of physical sensations to cause panic

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15
Q

What is “preparedness?”

A

The idea that we are inherently more prepared to be afraid of some things over others (we are “primed” to be afraid of certain things)

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16
Q

How does stimulus generalization of Specific Phobias help explain GAD?

A

A person is afraid of one thing; they avoid that thing; the stimulus and its responses become more generalized; person becomes generally anxious

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17
Q

Common treatments for Social Anxiety?

A

Antidepressants, CBT, Social Skills Training, Exposure Therapy

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18
Q

What are the two common areas of the brain associated with OCD and Body Dysmorphic DO?

A

-(Overactive) orbital frontal cortex
-(Overactive) left hemisphere

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19
Q

What is thought action fusion?

A

A risk factor for OCD involving a belief that thinking something is the same as doing it (thoughts are equal to behavior)

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20
Q

What are the 4 clusters of symptoms associated with Stress DOs?

A

-Intrusion
-Dissociative
-Avoidance
-Arousal

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21
Q

What two hormones/NTs seem most implicated in producing stress?

A

-Cortisol
-Norepinephrine

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22
Q

What are the 7 common traumas associated with creating Stress DOs?

A

-Combat
-Natural disasters
-Mass shootings
-Terrorism
-Physical victimization
-Sexual assault/trauma

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23
Q

Common reasons why some people develop a Stress DO when exposed to stress and others don’t

A

Differing biological systems, personalities, childhood experiences, social support systems, cultural backgrounds, severity of the trauma

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24
Q

WET Treatment

A

Written Exposure Therapy

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25
EMDR Treatment
Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing
26
What are WET & EMDR Therapies?
Different types of exposure therapies for trauma/stress DOs
27
What has replaced Psychological Debriefing after community traumas & why?
Psychological first aid; P.D. has been found to actually cause PTSD in people who would've never had it
28
What are the 2 main categories of symptom dysfunction associated with Conversion DO?
Altered voluntary MOTOR or SENSORY function
29
What personality characteristic is associated with Conversion DO?
High suggestibility
30
4 Treatments for conversion and somatic DOs
-Education -Changes in reinforcement -Exposure flooding -Cognitive restructuring
31
What is Localized Amnesia?
Inability to remember ALL events occurring within a LIMITED time period
32
What is Selective Amnesia?
Inability to remember SOME events occurring within a period
33
What is Generalized Amnesia?
Inability to remember extending back in time - loss of identity
34
What is Fugue?
A dissociation involving WANDERING/TRAVEL - making a new life (often from generalized)
35
What are the 3 ways DID personalities differ from one another?
-Identifying features -Ability & preference -Physiology
36
What DO is DID most often comorbid with?
BPD
37
Evidence for the Sociocognitive Explanation for DID
-DID is NOT a true DO; caused by media/therapist -Rapid increase in 80s after movies/novels; differences in culture -Clients already in therapy for other DOs, false memory syndrome; clients rewarded for showing different personalitities
38
What are the 4 areas of the brain in the depression circuit?
-Amygdala -Prefrontal Cortex -Hippocampus -Subgenual Cingulate (AKA Broadmann Area 25)
39
What are the 4 common drug groups used to treat Depression?
-MAO Inhibitors -Tricyclics -SSRIs -Ketamine
40
How quickly do SSRIs work for mood DOs?
10 days-3 weeks before improvement
41
What is the most common and most problematic side effect of SSRIs?
PSSD: Post SSRI Sexual Dysfunction
42
What is treatment resistant depression?
Failure to respond to 2 types of antidepressants
43
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy?
-Treatment for TRD -Electrodes on scalp, strapped down, stimulating motor cortex, extreme muscle tension -10 sessions
44
What is Vagus Nerve Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD -"Battery" connected to the vagus nerve, which is responsible for sending signals to the depression circuit to turn on/off -INVASIVE -9 months
45
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD -Magnetic waves from a cap with magnets on it, which turn up or down the electric responses of the brain; "flashes" -LEAST invasive
46
What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD -"Modern Trephination" -Drill into skull, completely awake, inserts an electrode into Broadmann Area 25, turns on -Immediately works -Must destroy brain tissue to do this -Potential death
47
What is Artifact Theory?
Women & men are equally prone to depression; but clinicians often fail to detect depression in men
48
What is Life Stress Theory?
Women in most societies experience more stress than men
49
What is Body Dissatisfaction Theory?
Women in most societies are taught to seek unreasonable goals that are unhealthy
50
What is Lack-of-Control Theory?
Women feel less control over their lives than men
51
What is Rumination Theory?
People who ruminate when sad are more likely to become depressed & stay depressed longer
52
What is mania?
-Active, powerful emotions, need for excitement, little need for sleep, very active/quick activity, poor judgement -For at least a week
53
What is Bipolar vs Unipolar Depression?
-With Bipolar Depression, one will typically experience both depressive & manic episodes -With Unipolar Depression, one will typically only experience depressive episodes
54
How does the permissive theory of NTs explain Bipolar vs Unipolar Depression?
-Depression: Low serotonin, low norepinephrine -Mania: Low serotonin, high norepinephrine -Norepinephrine causes manic episodes
55
What are the most common drug therapies for Bipolar DO?
-Lithium -Antiseizure Drugs -Second-Generation Antipsychotics
56
When does psychotherapy work for Bipolar DO?
When combined with mood stabilizers
57
What new childhood mood DO was created for the DSM-5 and why?
Disruptive Mood DO; doctors were diagnosing young children with Bipolar DO
58
What are the SIGNS of suicide?
-Sleep Disturbance -Isolation -Giving Away Posessions -No Interest in Anything -Seeing no Future
59
Five Steps of Assessing Suicide Risk
-Pervasiveness of Mood -Strength of Desire -Is There a Plan? -Are Resources Available to Carry out Plan? -Do they have attachment relationship?
60
What is a binge episode?
An often secret episode of eating large amounts of food in a single sitting
61
Common Compensatory Behaviors (Bulimia)
Vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise/fasting
62
How are mood and eating DOs related?
Mood DOs "set the stage" for EDs
63
What groups of women are more likely to suffer from EDs?
Models, dancers, actors, college athletes
64
What are the two stages in treating Anorexia?
-Return to healthy weight -Improve psychology
65
3 Phases of Maudsley Approach
-Restore Weight (Model parents' uncritical stance) -Return Control to Sufferer (Address parental concerns) -Healthy Adolescent Identity (Increase autonomy, negotiate parental boundaries)
66
3 Phases of Interpersonal Therapy (Bulimia)
-Identify interpersonal problems (Role disputes/transitions, Interpersonal deficits, Unresolved grief) -Patient-Led Change (Therapist strongly encourages change) -Maintenance (Relapse prevention)
67
Between Anorexia & Bulimia who is more likely to receive in-patient treatment?
Anorexia
68
Between Anorexia & Bulimia who is more likely to receive antidepressant therapy?
Bulimia
69
Most Common Depressants
-Alcohol -Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -Opioids
70
Most Common Stimulants
-Cocaine -Amphetamines -Caffeine -Nicotine
71
What NT does alcohol affect?
Helps GABA (an inhibitory messenger) shut down neurons and relax
72
What NT does heroin (opioids) affect?
Mimics endorphins; binds to receptors that receive endorphins
73
What NT does cocaine affect?
Increases dopamine; prevents its reabsorption
74
What NT does LSD affect?
Binds to serotonin receptors; floods brain with serotonin activity

PSY 341 (5 decks)

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