Exam 3 Multi Choice Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
3 Ingredients of Severe Addiction
A
-History of Childhood Trauma (ACEs)
-History of Family w/ Addiction (genetic predisposition, modeling)
-Opportunity (SES, drug culture)
2
Q
How do 12 step programs like AA work?
A
-Surrounded by people who don’t want to use the drug
-Surrounded by people who don’t want YOU to use the drug
-Extended access to common therapeutic factors
3
Q
12 step programs like AA are most effective for what types of people?
A
-People w/ low psychiatric problems
-People w/ high alcohol dependency w/ a social network of drinkers
4
Q
What are the two common contingency management therapies for Heroin/Opioid addiction?
A
Replacement Narcotic Therapies: replacing drug of choice with monitored doses of Methadone or Buprenorphine
5
Q
Common diagnostic problems w/ a categorical approach to personality DOs
A
-Similarity of DO; different doctors give the same person personality DO diagnosis
-DO is diagnosed as present or NOT (must meet a certain # of criteria, no single feature is necessary)
-Diagnoses can be overdone
-Personality DOs must deviate from one’s cultural norms, but little multicultural research done
6
Q
What are the pathological traits of the alternative dimensional model to PLY disorders?
A
-Negative Affect
-Detachment
-Antagonism
-Psychoticism
-Disinhibition
(NADAPD)
7
Q
Three Clusters of Personality DOs
A
A: Odd, Eccentric
B: Dramatic, Erratic
C: Anxious, Fearful
8
Q
Disorders in Cluster A (Odd, Eccentric)
A
Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
9
Q
Disorders in Cluster B (Dramatic, Erratic)
A
Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
10
Q
Disorders in Cluster C (Anxious, Fearful)
A
Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive
11
Q
Characteristics of Cluster A Disorders
A
Extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, peculiar ways of thinking, often isolated, rarely seeking treatment, ego-syntonic
12
Q
Characteristics of Cluster B Disorders
A
Interpersonal relationships are very hard, more commonly diagnosed now, highly ego-syntonic
13
Q
Characteristics of Cluster C Disorders
A
Display anxious and fearful behaviors, similar symptoms to anxiety/mood DOs, few heritable direct links
14
Q
Central difference between Schizoid & Avoidant Personality DOs
A
-Schizoid: avoidant of social relationships, focuses mainly on themselves, viewed as flat, cold, humorless, dull, no affiliation motive (“happy hermits”)
-Avoidant: uncomfortable and inhibited in social relationships, feel unappealing/inferior, few close friends, but WANTS them
15
Q
Central difference between Avoidant Personality DO & Social Phobia DO
A
-Avoidant: fear of CLOSE social circumstances
-Social Phobia: fear of SOCIAL circumstances (groups)
16
Q
Central difference between OCD & Obsessive Compulsive personality DO
A
-OCD: preoccupied w/ RITUALS that relieve anxieties/obsessions
-Obsessive Compulsive PDO: preoccupied w/ order, perfection/control; unrealisitic standards for self/others, trouble expressing affections, relationships stiff/superficial, rarely seek treatment
17
Q
Which Personality DO is most like Schizophrenia?
A
Schizotypal-not as strong, not as much dysfunciton, bizarre sometimes distorted/diluted ways of thinking
18
Q
Which Personality DO can be viewed as an exaggerated performance of femininity?
A
Histrionic-extreme emotions, seek to be center of attention
19
Q
What is the narcissistic wound?
A
A narcissistic person is actually covering an insecure idea of themselves, sometimes these grandiosities are challenged & cause great upset/hurt
20
Q
Borderline Personality DO
A
Inability of interpersonal relationships, avoidance of abandonment, identity disturbance, impulsivity, inappropriate/intense anger, suicidal behavior
21
Q
Why does CBT not work for Borderline Personality DO?
A
Clients resist therapeutic efforts for change, while still insisting the therapist will help them change; suidical gestures, leads to therapist burnout
22
Q
How does DBT therapy help people w/ Borderline Personality DO?
A
Dialectical Behavior Therapy practices mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance & interpersonal effectiveness
23
Q
Causes of BPD
A
-Taught during childhood to invalidate their own feelings; becomes intolerant of primary emotions
-Produces secondary emotions (ie shame for feeling sad)
-Easy to feel “invalidated” by others
-This feeling of invalidation influences extreme behaviors
24
Q
Diathesis of Antisocial Personality DO
A
-Vulnerability to impulsivity
-Lower levels of stress & serotonin
-MAOA Warrior Gene: disregards consequences, allows to act on impulse
-Deficient functioning in frontal lobes & increased sensitivity to rewards
-Stress: ACEs, lack of moral instruction/affection
25
Antisocial Personality DO
Persistent disregard & violations of others' rights, lack of fear & empathy, strongly connected to adult criminal behavior, not a lot of effective treatmment
26
Besides deviant or dangerous fantasies & behavior, what extra thing is needed for a sex & gender DO diagnosis?
Distress
27
What is the spectator role theory of sexual dysfunction?
Dissociating during sexual intercourse and imagining/worrying about performance, judgement, religion, etc
28
What sexual DO is associated w/ the spectator role theory?
Erectile Disorder (Dysfunction)
29
Who researched & created the first approach to sex therapy?
William Masters & Virginia Johnson
30
Common Treatment for Pelvic Pain DO
-Tightening & relaxing vaginal muscles to enhance control
-Gradual insertion of larger sex toys
31
Common Treatment for Hypoactive Sexual Desire
-Desire diary
-Hormone treatment
32
Common Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction
-Medications: Sildenafil (Viagra)
33
Common Treatment for Premature Ejaculation
-"Stop-Start" Procedure
-SSRIs
34
Common Treatment for Female Arousal/Orgasmic DO
-Directed masturbation training
35
What is a paraphilia?
-A "deviant" attraction
-Intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving anomalous activity preferences/target preferences
36
How is Goffman's frame theory used to explain S&M behavior?
-Humans are all actors performing certain roles, there are a set of rules/specific language in these roles that signify normal activities, these roles change through days/lives/relationships ("regulated changes of power")
-If not following "rules" of current roles; it is now pathological
37
What is Hirshfeld's partial attraction theory & how is it related to fetishism?
-Healthy Fetishism: attraction is the product of many individual factors (object of fetish AND genitals)
-Unhealthy Fetishism: attracted & aroused exclusively by one thing that is not a genital
38
What is the most effect treatment for paraphilia?
Chemical Castration
39
Why is chemical castration controversial?
Very effective, but can cause death; some consider unethical b/c it takes away sexual desire as a WHOLE (can result in suicide)
40
What is the relationship b/t Sexual Orientation & Transvestic DO?
More typical in heterosexual men
41
What is the relationship b/t Transvestic DO & Gender Dysphoria?
Most people who cross-dress are purely fetishistic; they like the clothing, they do NOT have gender dysphoria (only a small # of people who do imagine themselves as that different gender)
42
What are the 3 explanations for the associations b/t Social Economic Status & Schizophrenia
-Low SES stress: vulnerability to physiology
-Low SES discrimination: vulnerability to labeling ("overdiagnoses")
-Downward drift: DO's dysfunction causes SES drop
43
What are the core negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
-Blunted Effects (less emotion, eye contact, expressionless, anhedonia)
-Alogia (poverty of speech)
-Avolition (loss of motive)
-Asocial (attending to only their ideas/fantasies)
44
What are the core positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?
-Hallucinations
-Delusions
-Disorganized Speech
45
What are the core psychomotor symptoms of Schizophrenia?
-Catatonia
-Psychomotor Slowing
46
What are the 2 core differences b/t Schizophrenia & Schizoaffective DO?
-Must have schizophrenic criteria (pos, neg. & psychomotor symptoms) AND enough symptoms for a major mood DO
-Severe dysfunction is NOT necessary (& often less than schizophrenia)
47
What is the dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia?
-Dopamine activity is turned up too high in the mesolimbic pathway, causes positive symptoms
-Dysfunction in the mesocortical pathway causes negative symptoms
48
What is the evidence for the dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia?
-Treatment for Parkinson's involves higher dopamine production; some Parkinson's patients can develop positive psychotic symptoms
-Amphetamine Psychosis
-Autopsies of Schizophrenics show more dopamine receptors
-Antipsychotics block dopamine receptors
49
What brain structure abnormalities are commonly associated w/ Schizophrenia?
-Enlarged ventricles, brain vacities filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid
-Smaller temporal & frontal lobes, smaller amounts of gray matter
-Abnormal blood flow to some areas
50
What Schizophrenia symptoms are commonly caused by brain structure abnormalities?
Negative symptoms
51
What category of symptoms to typical (first gen) antipsychotics work best for?
Positive symptoms
52
What are the common side effects of typical antipsychotics?
-Parkinsonian Symptoms (muscle tremors)
-Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (extreme muscle rigidity, fever, impaired consciousness)
-Tardive Dyskinesia (writing, tic-like, involuntary movements)
53
What are two main advantages of atypical (second gen) antipsychotics?
-More effective, especially for negative symptoms
-Fewer movement effects
54
Oppositional Deviant DO
Extreme hostility & defiance, repeated arguments w/ adults, loss of temper, TRYING to annoy/bother others, younger children/adolescents
55
Conduct DO
Repeatedly violate basic rights of others, aggressive & physically cruel to people & animals, sometimes can include criminal behavior, started 7-15 y/o
56
What are the 2 common elimination DOs?
-Enuresis
-Encopresis
57
What is school phobia in young children often caused by?
Separation anxiety
58
What are the 3 clusters of ADHD symptoms
-Inattention
-Hyperactivity
-Impulsivity
59
Out of the 3 clusters of ADHD symptoms, which is most easily underdiagnosed?
Inattention
60
What are the common drug treatments for ADHD?
-Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
-Amphetamines (Aderall)
(Slow release stimulants)
61
4 Ds of abnormal behavior
-Distress
-Danger
-Dysfunction
-Deviance
62
What is moral treatment & how did it differ from earlier asylum conditions & what time period was it emphasized in?
Began in the 19th century, care that involved and emphasized morality and human, respectful techniques
63
What were the two competing perspective on psychopathology in the early 20th century?
-Somatogenic
-Psychogenic
64
Hippocrates & his contributions to psychopathology
Proposed psychopathology is an "imbalance in nature;" Four humors in excess/imbalance can cause struggle
65
Philippe Pinel & his contributions to psychopathology
In charge of Paris mental hospital, shocked by the conditions; introduced humane treatment; unchained patients, introduced sunny rooms, allowed exercise, etc
66
Dorothea Dix & her contributions to psychopathology
American nurse; changed public attitudes of mental health facility conditions in US, raised awareness/funds/support, established 30+ hospitals
67
Kraepelin & his contributions to psychopathology
Thought many mental DOs were physical; fatigue can cause mental dysfunction, coined the term "syndrome," and found 2 prevalent syndromes: manic depression & dementia praecox
68
According to Freud, what are the 3 core parts of the mind?
Id, Ego, Superego
69
What is the function of the Id?
Pleasure principle; creates & destroys
70
What is the function of the Ego?
Reality principle; plans, compromises
71
What is the function of the Super Ego?
Morality principle; punishes
72
What are the 3 areas of distorted thinking for Beck?
Self, Future, World
73
What is Roger's therapy called?
"Client Centered"
74
How are conditions of worth problematic?
They can cause anxiety/depression
75
What are the 3 components of a supportive climate?
-Unconditional positive regard
-Accurate empathy
-Genuineness
76
What are the 2 dimensions of the family circumplex that help explain psychopathology?
-Enmeshed; Disengaged
-Rigid; Chaotic
77
What is the most commonly diagnosed group of DOs?
Anxiety DOs
78
What are common risk factors for DOs?
Gender, race, neuroticism, age, SES status, quality/quantity of social relationships, locus of control, ACEs
79
What are the 3 types of ACEs?
-Abuse
-Neglect
-Household Dysfunction
80
What are common protective factors?
Social support, extraversion, financial wealth, intelligence, hardiness, cultural groups
81
Ethics of therapeutic dual relationships
One cannot be a therapist & friend, business partner, romantic partner, etc
82
Ethics of therapeutic sexual relationships
No sexual relationships until 2 years after therapy ends
83
How do projective tests work?
Ambiguous stimuli evokes the unconscious (psychodynamic theory)
84
What are common projective tests?
-Rorshach Inkblot Test
-Thematic Apperception Test
-Sentence-Completion
-Draw a Person
85
What is an Electrocardiogram?
A psychophysiological test of heart rate
86
What is Galvanic Skin Conductance?
A psychophysiological test of sweat gland activity
87
What is an Electroencephalogram?
A psychophysiological test of brain activity
88
Why do psychophysiological tests help psychopathology research?
Physiological responses are seen as a sign of stress/anxiety
89
First Step of Systematic Desensitization Therapy
Learn relaxation skills
90
Second Step of Systematic Desensitization Therapy
Construct a fear hierarchy
91
Third Step of Systematic Desensitization Therapy
Confront feared situation
92
What model does Systematic Desensitization Therapy come from?
Cognitive-Behavioral (Classical Conditioning)
93
ABCDE of Ellis' Rational Emotive Therapy
A: Activating Event/Adversity
B: Belief about event
C: Emotional Consequences
D: Disputations (challenge) to belief
E: Effective new beliefs
94
What are the 4 common factors of treatment effectiveness?
-Extra Therapeutic Factors
-Expectancy
-Therapeutic Relationship
-Technique
95
Understand the Fear Circuit
Info comes in from the world; to the thalamus; to either amygdala or prefrontal cortex
96
How is GABA associated with anxiety?
People with GAD have limited GABA; which is released to inhibit “anxious” neurons from firing
97
Most common class of antiaxiety drugs
Benzodiazepines
98
Characteristics of Benzodiazepines
Provides temporary relief, causes drowsiness, anxiety with withdrawal, physical dependence is possible, mixes poorly with other drugs
99
What are the two common areas of the brain associated with OCD and Body Dysmorphic DO?
-(Overactive) orbital frontal cortex
-(Overactive) left hemisphere
100
What two hormones/NTs seem most implicated in producing stress?
-Cortisol
-Norepinephrine
101
What are the 2 main categories of symptom dysfunction associated with Conversion DO?
Altered voluntary MOTOR or SENSORY function
102
4 Treatments for conversion and somatic DOs
-Education
-Changes in reinforcement
-Exposure flooding
-Cognitive restructuring
103
Evidence for the Sociocognitive Explanation for DID
-DID is NOT a true DO; caused by media/therapist
-Rapid increase in 80s after movies/novels; differences in culture
-Clients already in therapy for other DOs, false memory syndrome; clients rewarded for showing different personalitities
104
What is Artifact Theory?
Women & men are equally prone to depression; but clinicians often fail to detect depression in men
105
What is Life Stress Theory?
Women in most societies experience more stress than men
106
What is Body Dissatisfaction Theory?
Women in most societies are taught to seek unreasonable goals that are unhealthy
107
What is Lack-of-Control Theory?
Women feel less control over their lives than men
108
How does the permissive theory of NTs explain Bipolar vs Unipolar Depression?
-Depression: Low serotonin, low norepinephrine
-Mania: Low serotonin, high norepinephrine
-Norepinephrine causes manic episodes
109
What are the 4 common drug groups used to treat Depression?
-MAO Inhibitors
-Tricyclics
-SSRIs
-Ketamine
110
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy?
-Treatment for TRD
-Electrodes on scalp, strapped down, stimulating motor cortex, extreme muscle tension
-10 sessions
111
What is Vagus Nerve Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD
-“Battery” connected to the vagus nerve, which is responsible for sending signals to the depression circuit to turn on/off
-INVASIVE
-9 months
112
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD
-Magnetic waves from a cap with magnets on it, which turn up or down the electric responses of the brain; “flashes”
-LEAST invasive
113
What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
-Treatment for TRD
-“Modern Trephination”
-Drill into skull, completely awake, inserts an electrode into Broadmann Area 25, turns on
-Immediately works
-Must destroy brain tissue to do this
-Potential death
114
What are the most common drug therapies for Bipolar DO?
-Lithium
-Antiseizure Drugs
-Second-Generation Antipsychotics
115
What is a binge episode?
An often secret episode of eating large amounts of food in a single sitting
116
How are mood and eating DOs related?
Mood DOs “set the stage” for EDs
117
3 Phases of Maudsley Approach
-Restore Weight (Model parents’ uncritical stance)
-Return Control to Sufferer (Address parental concerns)
-Healthy Adolescent Identity (Increase autonomy, negotiate parental boundaries)
118
3 Phases of Interpersonal Therapy (Bulimia)
-Identify interpersonal problems (Role disputes/transitions, Interpersonal deficits, Unresolved grief)
-Patient-Led Change (Therapist strongly encourages change)
-Maintenance (Relapse prevention)
119
What is the difference b/t purging & nonpurging types of eating disorders?
-Purging: Self-induced vomiting, laxatives
-Nonpurging: Fasting, excessive exercise
120
What is somatosensory awareness?
The communication of distress through the body
121
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Excessive anxiety & worry over most circumstances, difficult to control worry
122
What is Specific Phobia DO?
Persistent and unreasonable fears of particular
objects, activities, or situationss
123
What is Social Anxiety?
Fear of social situations
124
What is agoraphobia?
Fear about 2 (or more):
-Public Transport
-Open Spaces
-Enclosed Spaces
-Standing in line/in a crowd
-Being outside of home by oneself
125
What is Panic Disorder?
Abrupt surge of intense fear w/ intense physical symptoms
126
What is OCD?
Persistent, intrusive thoughts/urges/images followed by repetitive behaviors/mental acts performed by rules
127
What is Hoarding Disorder?
Persistent difficulty parting w/possessions, regardless of value
128
What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
Preoccupation w/ one or more perceived defects in physical appearance (but not weight)
129
What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?
One or more somatic symptoms that
distress or disrupt daily life (communication of distress through physical symptoms)
130
What is Illness Anxiety?
Preoccupation with having or acquiring a
serious illness
131
What is Conversion Disorder?
One or more symptoms of
altered voluntary motor or
sensory function
132
What is Factitious Disorder?
Falsification of physical or psychological
signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or
disease, associated with identified
deception
133
What is Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another?
Parents or Caretakers make up or
produce physical illness in dependents
134
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
Depressive symptoms for 2 weeks or longer
135
What is Persistent Depression?
Depressive symptoms for 2 years or longer
136
What is Bipolar I Disorder?
Full manic episodes alternate w/ major depressive episodes
137
What is Bipolar II Disorder?
Hypomanic episodes alternate w/ major depressive episodes
138
What is Cyclothymic Disorder?
Hypomanic episodes alternate w/ mild depressive symptoms
139
What is Bulimia?
Recurrent binge eating w/ recurrent compensatory behaviors
140
What is Anorexia?
Refusal to maintain >85% of normal weight, intense fear of gaining weight
141
What is Schizoaffective Disorder?
Major mood DO concurrent w/ criteria of Schizophrenia; extreme dysfunction is NOT necessary
142
What is ADHD?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Inattentive, hyperactive, impulsive
143
What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?
Deep distrust & suspicion of others; causing cold & distant dispositions
144
What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Avoidance of social relationships and limited emotional expression
145
What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
Extreme discomfort in close relationships & odd ways of thinking, behavioral eccentricities
146
What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Very uncomfortable & inhibited in social relationships
147
What is Dependent Personality Disorder?
Pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of
148
What is Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?
Preoccupied w/ order, perfection & control
149
What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
Extreme emotions, seek to be center of attention
150
What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Grandiose, needs admiration, feels no empathy w/ others
151
What are the big 3 environmental conditions that enhance the treatment of ADHD?
-Be organized
-Be clear
-Be consistent
152
What are the 6 features of Autistic Spectrum Disorder?
-Lack of responsiveness
-Language & communication problems
-Over/Under stimulation
-Preservation of sameness
-Strongly attached to physical objects
153
What are 4 common treatments for Theory of Mind
-Artistic interaction
-Roleplay (different facial expressions, scenarios, etc)
-Group activities
-Tablet content (iPads)
154
What are the 3 areas of dysfunction in intellectual disability?
-Conceptual
-Social
-Practical
155
What are the possible causes for mild intellectual disability?
-Unstimulating care-giving environments
-Mom's diet during pregnancy
156
What are the possible causes for severe intellectual disability?
-Chromosonal Causes (Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome)
-Metabolic Causes (Phenylketonuria PKU, Tray Sachs Disease)
-Childhood Issues up to Age 6 (Poisoning, head trauma, brain infections)
157
How do senile plaques contribute to Alzheimer's?
Sphere-shaped deposits of protein in spaces b/t the cells in the hippocampus causing too much space & breakage b/t neurons
158
How do neurofibrillary tangles contribute to Alzheimer's?
Twisted protein fibers found WITHIN cells of the hippocampus causing neurons to die (grows inside until death of neuron)
159
What is the Theory of Mind?
Attributing our own thoughts/mental states to others; thinking others perceive/engage w/ the world in the same ways we do (a form of understanding others)
160
How does the Theory of Mind connect with Autistic Spectrum Disorder?
People w/ ASD may experience a "breakdown" of the ToM
161
What is Joint Attention?
The shared focus of two or more individuals on an object, event, or activity
162
How does Joint Attention relate to Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Individuals w/ ASD have trouble participating in Joint Attention
