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Neurobiology > Exam 2 Nociception, Analgesics, Audition > Flashcards

Exam 2 Nociception, Analgesics, Audition Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

alpha2
location
function

A

central nociceptive pathways

Local dilation of blood vessels & degranulation of mast cells

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2
Q

mu receptor
location
function

A

CNS
Brainstem intrinsic analgesic centers (mu1)
mediate respiratory depression/dorsal horn analgesia (mu2)

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3
Q

kappa receptor
location
function

A

CNS
hallucinations and delirium in people

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4
Q

AMPA receptor
location
function

A

CNS
glutamate receptors that are Na channels

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5
Q

dynorphin
location
function

A

kappa receptors
Inhibit transmission in spinal cord pain pathways, endogenous ligands for kappa receptors

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6
Q

endorphins
location
function

A

PAG axons
anti-nociceptive pathways

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7
Q

enkephalin
location
function

A

dorsal horn interneurons
inhibit transmission in spinal cord pathways

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8
Q

glutamate
location
function

A

WDR neurons
sustained augmented post-synaptic potential

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9
Q

NMDA receptor
location
function

A

WDR neurons
admits Ca and Na to bring closer to threshold

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10
Q

norepinephrine
location
function

A

nucleus raphe magnus
mood, attention, sleep wake cycles

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11
Q

serotonin
location
function

A

nucleus raphe magnus
mood, attention, sleep wake cycle, cardiovascular function

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12
Q

substance P
location
function

A

central nociceptive pathways
local dilation of blood vessels and degranulation of mast cells

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13
Q

pharmacological approaches for analgesics

A

opoids
alpha 2 agonists
local anesthetics
NSAIDs
ketamine

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14
Q

adjunct methods for analgesics

A

sedation
good nursing care (hold small animals)
ice packs
support bandages
complementary techniques (e.g. acupuncture)

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15
Q

is Acepromazine an analgesic?

A

NO

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16
Q

order of neuro-anatomic pain

A

perception
projection
modulation
transmission
transduction

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17
Q

conduction deafness

A

disease affects ability of tympanic membrane or auditory ossicles to transmit vibrations to the vestibular window

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18
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

disease affects spiral organ or more proximal components of auditory system (including the cochlear nerves, brainstem, and auditory cortices)

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19
Q

the most inherited deafness in domestic animals is ______ due to _______

A

sensorineural
degeneration of cochlear hair cells

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20
Q

why is bilateral deafness almost invariably peripheral in origin

A

very hard for central lesions to affect both sides of the pathway

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21
Q

lesion to left auditory cortex

A

not deaf

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22
Q

lesion to axon going to right auditory cortex

A

not deaf

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23
Q

lesion to right lateral lemniscus

24
Q

lesion to left primary afferent of cochlear n.

Study These Flashcards
A

deaf in left ear

25
bilateral brainstem lesion to caudal colliculi
complete deafness in either or both ears
26
ototoxicity
toxicity to neural elements of inner ear; irreversible
27
common class of Abx that are associated with ototoxicity
aminoglycoside Abx
28
what can infections of the middle ear (otitis media) be associated with
dysfunction of parasympathetics: taste rostral 2/3 tongue, salivary glands, nasal glands dysfunction of sympathetics to eye --> horner's syndrome
29
diseases of gutteral pouch affect dysfunction in which cranial nerves and fibers
VII, IX, X, XI, XII post sympathetic fibers from cranial cervical ganglion
30
nociception - definition - fibers
activation of nociceptors that detect noxious stimulus naked nerve endings, Adelta and C fibers
31
pain definition
conscious perception of noxious stimuli
32
reflex to noxious stimuli
mydriasis increased resp and heart rate activation of HPA axis
33
reaction to noxious stimuli
voluntary behavior - whining, biting, vocalizing, withdrawal, escape hypalgesia, analgesia, anesthesia
34
reticular formation what is ARAS
nuclei in brainstem (medulla --> diencephalon) regulates heart and resp rates, certain visceral functions, some postural motor systems and maintain wakefulness ARAS - rostral components, regulates level of consciousness (coma)
35
spinocervicothalamic tract modality: location of tract in cord: axons: decussation: somatotopy: degree of connectivity to RF: clinical testing: degree of descending modulation:
superficial lateral cervical nucleus Adelta C2-caudal medulla good some light pinch of skin little
36
spinoreticular tract modality: location of tract in cord: axons: decussation: somatotopy: degree of connectivity to RF: clinical testing: degree of descending modulation:
deep lateral and ventral funiculi, associated with gray matter C throughout spinal cord poor robust pinch across nailbed robust
37
which fibers are more susceptible to damage
large, thick myelinated fibers superficial > deep
38
hyperalgesia
increased sensitivity to painful stimuli
39
allodynia
non-noxious stimulation activates nociceptors (clothes after sunburn)
40
wind up glutamate AMPA receptors glutamate NMDA receptors other NT (substance P, BDNF)
increases sensitivity AMPA - ligand-gated, fast, causes depolarization NMDA - ligand-gated, requires depolarization, allows conductance of Ca, more sensitive, hours-days substance P, BNDF - GPCR, slow, long term change in genetic expression, chronic - months+
41
referred pain
noxious stimuli originating in viscera WDR neurons
42
gate control theory
decreases sensitivity primary afferent (noxious) C fiber synapse on WDR neuron primary afferent (non-noxious) synapses on WDR neurons and inhibitory interneuron leads to inhibition of pain
43
periaqueductal grey (PAG)
release endorphins & opioids stimulates dorsal horn interneurons to release enkephalin & dynorphin
44
descending brainstem pathways involved in the endogenous control of pain
periaqueductal grey (PAG) nucleus raphe magnus
45
nucleus raphe magnus
release serotonin & NE stimulates dorsal horn interneurons to release enkephalin & dynorphin
46
preemptive analgesia
nerve blocks or other analgesics pre- or intra- operatively as a preemptive strike against development of wind up in surgery
47
neuropathic pain characteristics
pain results from trauma, vascular injury, endocrinopathy, infection hyperalgesia, allodynia, dysethesia
48
modulate or prevent transduction at the nociceptor/ inflammatory effects on sensitivity of nociceptors (increase nociception)
NSAIDs
49
recruit neuroanatomical substrate of gate control theory (decrease nociception)
acupuncture TENS massage
50
prevent spinal cord sensitization "spinal facilitation of pain ("wind up")" (increase nociception)
nerve blocks NMDA antagonists
51
augment descending modulator pathways
opoids alpha2 agonists
52
reduce the cortical perception of pain
sedatives
53
opoids and opoid receptors
mu - brainstem intrinsic analgesic delta - bind enkephalins kappa - dynorphin
54
gabapentin
GABA - inhibitory; blocks Ca channels
55
subalbinism deafness linked to a lack of ______ what is its functions
stria vascularis (vascularized epithelium responsible for healthy survival of hair cells, neurotrophic substances produced by melanocytes & production of endolymph)
56
the most effective analegsic protocols combine several approaces, a so-called _________ apprach to pain relief
multimodal

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