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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the diencephalon

A

II

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2
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the mesencephalon (midbrain)

A

III, IV

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3
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the pontomedullary junction

A

V, VI

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4
Q

what cranial nerves arise from the medulla

A

VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

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5
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the foramina of ethmoid bone

A

I

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6
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the optic canal

A

II

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7
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the orbital fissure

A

III, IV, ophthalmic, VI

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8
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the round foramen

A

maxillary br of V

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9
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the oval foramen

A

mandibular br of V

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10
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the internal acoustic meatus

A

VII, VIII

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11
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the jugular foramen

A

IX, X, XI

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12
Q

what cranial nerves exit from the hypoglossal canal

A

XII

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13
Q

carnivores bony orbit

A

incomplete bony orbit

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14
Q

horses and ruminants bony orbit

A

complete bony orbit

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15
Q

optic canal has what vessels and nerves in carnivores, horses and ruminants

A

optic n.
internal ophthalmic a.

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16
Q

orbital fissure has what vessels and nerves in carnivores

A

cr.n. III, IV, ophthalmic, VI
anastomotic a.

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17
Q

orbital fissure has what nerves in horses

A

cr.n. III, IV, ophthalmic, VI

IV sometimes has its own foramen

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18
Q

foramen orbitorotundum has what vessels and nerves and in what species

A

ruminants only
orbital fissure + round foramen
cr.n. III, IV, VI, ophthalmic and maxillary
maxillary a.

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19
Q

supraorbital foramen is in what species and has what nerves and vessels

A

horses and ruminants
supraorbital n.
supraorbital a. & v.

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20
Q

blood supply to the eye arises from branches of ________

A

internal & external ophthalmic aa.

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21
Q

external ophthalmic aa. supplies ______

A

eyeball, extraocular eye muscles and adjacent structures

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22
Q

long posterior ciliary aa. run along ________

A

optic n.

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23
Q

short posterior ciliary aa. supply ________

A

vascular coat of the eye & uvea

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24
Q

anterior ciliary aa. supply ______

A

iris, limbic region of the eye
anastomosis with long posterior ciliary aa.

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25
what is the major arterial circle
the aa entering the iris from the margins animal eye much more vascular
26
three routes that venous blood leaves the orbit
1. angular v. of the eye 2. ophthalmic plexus 3. ventral external ophthalmic v.
27
angular v. of the eye drains -->
facial v.
28
ophthalmic plexus drains -->
cavernous sinus
29
ventral external ophthalmic v. drains -->
deep facial v.
30
how can infection of the face migrate inside the braincase
through the venous system because these valves are valveless
31
why do albino/subalbino animals have "red eyes"
non-tapetal region have decreased/no melanin (pigment epithelium unpigmented) so blood vessels of choroid coat are prominent
32
parasympathetics and sympathetics innervation of the eye
parasympathetics: parasymp. nucleus of III, oculomotor n., ciliary ganglion sympathetics: spinal cord segments T1-2, cranial cervical ganglion
33
three layers of the precorneal tear film and their respective glands
oil layer - meibomian glands aqueous layer - lacrimal gland & gland of third eyelid mucoid layer - mucous glands of conjunctiva (goblet cells)
34
functions of the precorneal tear film (5)
rinses foreign debris lubricates medium for diffusion migration of inflam cells smooth surface to cornea
35
innervation of levator palpebrae superoris m.
oculomotor n.
36
innervation of m. rectus dorsalis
oculomotor n.
37
innervation of m. rectus ventralis
oculomotor n.
38
innervation of m. rectus lateralis
abducent n.
39
innervation of m. rectus medialis
oculomotor n.
40
innervation of m. obliquus dorsalis
trochlear n.
41
innervation of m. obliquus ventralis
oculomotor n.
42
path of light
cornea aqueous humor lens vitreous body retina unpigmented pigment epithelium tapetum choroid
43
anatomy of the cornea
precorneal tear film anterior epithelium stroma descemete's membrane endothelium
44
corneal transparency function of ______
avascular tissue unpigmented dehydration of tissue smooth optic surface from tear film regular, laminar collagen
45
glaucoma
obstruction of filtration angle that prevents outflow of aqueous humor increasing intraocular pressure --> blindness
46
retina develops from what embryonic structure
optic cup
47
lens develops from what embryonic structure
optic vesicle + ectoderm = lens placode = lens
48
optic n. develops from what embryonic structure
diencephalon connection = optic stalk = optic n.
49
define coloboma
failure of choroid fissure to close completely during development
50
parts of the limbic system
hippocampus cingulate gyrus hypothalamus amygdala fornix
51
limbic system creates complex behaviors with what structures? their function?
neocortex: consciousness, perception hypothalamus: drives and physiological change amygdala: emotional memory
52
ARAS role in consciousness
ascending reticular activating system: nuclei in brainstem that receive collaterals from all sensory projection pathways and use this neuronal activity to increase diffusely the level of arousal in cerebral cortex
53
consciousness components
cortex + ARAS
54
levels of consciousness
alert obtunded stuporous comatose delirious
55
define alert
normally responsive to environment
56
define obtunded
withdrawn but still responsive
57
define stuporous
unresponsive except to painful stimuli
58
define comatose
non-responsive to all stimuli except reflex
59
define delirious
responds abnormally
60
list behaviors/postures associated with dementia or other derangement of consciousness
compulsive wandering head pressing somnolence abnormal vocalization circling
61
three parts of any seizure
aura (altered behavior, sec-min, alteration sensation/emotion) ictus (max activity, 1+ changes, 1-2min) post-ictus (confusion, disoriented, cortical blindness, wandering, min-hrs)
62
simple partial seizure
focal/partial seizure no loss of consciousness
63
complex partial seizure
focal/partial seizure altered consciousness - limbic focus - psychomotor seizure
64
convulsive seizure
generalized seizure most common in vetmed "grand mal seizure" consciousness altered, lost bilateral motor activity, tonic (hyperextension), clonic (paddling, chewing), ANS activity
65
non-convulsive seizure
generalized seizure rarely in animals consciousness altered, no collapse "petit mal"
66
main strategies for seizure control
decrease glutamate increase GABA
67
what cells of the retina whose axons become the optic nerve
ganglion cell axons
68
four different targets of axons within the optic n.
lateral geniculate nucleus rostral colliculus pretectal nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus
69
LGN purpose of retinal information
relays to primary visual cortex in occipital lobes
70
rostral colliculus purpose of retinal information
visual grasp reflex (head moves in response to visual, auditory or somatosensory input)
71
pretectal nucleus purpose of retinal information
PLR
72
suprachiasmatic nucleus purpose of retinal information
circadian and seasonal rhythms
73
conscious visual pathway
nasal hemiretina (contralaterla) temporal hemiretina (ipsilateral) optic n. optic chiasm optic tract LGN pretectal nuclei parasympathetic nucleus of III oculomotor n. ciliary ganglion pupillary constrictor mm.
74
unilateral injury to one visual cortex or optic tract or LGN will produce deficits in the _______ half of the visual filed in _____ eye(s)
contralateral both
75
fibrous tunic components
sclera + cornea
76
vascular tunic components
"uvea" anterior uvea = iris + ciliary body posterior uvea = choroid
77
nervous tunic
retina
78
the lens _______ throughout life what is the term for compression of the center of the lens what is the term for opacity of lens or capsule
continues to grow throughout life - more fibers added to cortex lenticular (nuclear) sclerosis cataract
79
conscious processes are in the _____ hemisphere
contralateral

Neurobiology (9 decks)

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