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Biology 101/BioLab > Exam 2 notes > Flashcards

Exam 2 notes Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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2
Q

Examples of Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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3
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

A

protists, fungi, animals, and plants

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4
Q

Basic Features of all cells

A

Plasma Membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
chromosomes
ribosomes

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5
Q

Features of Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called nucleoid
No membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Features of Eukaryotes

A

DNA in a nucleus bonded by a nuclear envelope
membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus

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7
Q

Where are the cell’s chromosomes?

A

In the nuclear membrane.

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8
Q

What’s a nuclear membrane?

A

a double layered membrane made of pores and lamina protein mesh

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9
Q

What are ribosomes

A

protein-RNA complexes that synthesize protein

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10
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

Bound to the ER or free floating in the cytosol

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11
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

involved in the synthesis of proteins, lipids, membranes, glycoproteins

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12
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates

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13
Q

Rough ER

A

protein synthesis via bound ribosomes, membrane production

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14
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies molecules and transports them in vesicles

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15
Q

lysosome

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes which break down macromolecules

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16
Q

Vacuole

A

membrane bound vesicles for storage of water and waste

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration – this process uses oxygen to generate ATP

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18
Q

Where is ATP generated?

A

Along the mitochondrial membrane

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19
Q

Cristae

A

increases surface area

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20
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis(process that uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to generate sugar)

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21
Q

Where is chloroplast found?

A

found in green plants and algea

Chloroplast also has a green pigment called chlorophyll

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A

specialized organelles that produce hydrogen peroxide

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

structural support, provide motility, and aids signal transmission

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24
Q

What shapes the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes?

A

Microtubules. They’re also found in flagella and cilia.

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25
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A

thin rods which functions in muscle contraction, chloroplast streaming and amoeboid movement

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26
Q

What’s important about intermediate filaments?

A

They support the cell shape and fix organelles.

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27
Q

What are a plant’s cell wall made of?

A

cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins

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28
Q

What’s plasmodesmata?

A

channels in the plant cell wall that connect the cells together

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29
Q

What is the extracellular matrix(ECM) made of?

A

glycoproteins, collagen, and proteoglycans

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30
Q

What’s the ECM’s function(s)?

A

that support cell adhesion, movement and regulation

31
Q

What connects animal cells and facilitate communication between cells?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes(anchoring junctions) and gap junctions(communication junctions)

32
Q

In a fluid mosaic, where are amphiphilic proteins embedded

A

phospholipid bilayer

33
Q

What’s the most important characteristic of the cellular membrane

A

It’s fluidity

34
Q

What increases fluidity?

A

unsaturated phospholipids

35
Q

What decreases fluidity?

A

saturated phospholipids

36
Q

What does Cholesterol do in the cellular membrane?

A

Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity in animal cells during changes in temperature

37
Q

How do proteins differ?

A

Proteins differ in their attachment to or through the membrane as well as their function

38
Q

Where must cells exchanges their ions and molecules?

A

Across the cell membrane

39
Q

Is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

Why yes, yes it is. And it allows transfer hydrophobic nonpolar molecules, but it resist transfer of hydrophilic molecules

40
Q

What does embedded transport proteins do?

A

Embedded transport proteins allow the passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane

41
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

Carrier proteins bind molecules and change their shape to transfer them across the membrane

42
Q

Diffusion

A

spontaneous movement of a substance from a high concentration to low concentration; now energy required

43
Q

What is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water

44
Q

What if the extracellular space is hypertonic?

A

Water will move out of the cell.

45
Q

What if the extracellular space is hypotonic?

A

Water will move into the cell.

46
Q

What’s facilitated diffusion?

A

It’s a passive transport that requires a transport protein

47
Q

Bulk transport

A

Bulk transport requires energy and vesicles to transport substances into and out of the cell.

48
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicles from inside the cell fuse to the membrane and release their contents outward

49
Q

Endocytosis

A

vesicles form which bring substances into the cell

50
Q

Phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of material into a food vacuole

51
Q

Pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of the extracellular fluid

52
Q

How is active transport different from passive transport?

A

Active transport goes against the concentration gradient(from low to high), thus it requires energy(ATP)

53
Q

What’s metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the collection of chemical reactions that occur in an organism

54
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

break down and release energy

55
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

build up and consume energy

56
Q

What’s energy?

A

the capacity for change and comes in many forms (kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, etc)

57
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

the energy of the universe is constant; energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed

58
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat

59
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

Energy coupling allows the exergonic process of ATP hydrolysis to drive endergonic reactions by transferring a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to another mediator (now the phosphorylated intermediate)

60
Q

What does ATP hydrolysis do to motor proteins?

A

ATP hydrolysis can also change the shape and binding affinities of transport or motor proteins

61
Q

activation energy

A

The energy needed to break the reactant’s bonds E(alpha)

62
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that speed up reactions by lowering the E(alpha)

63
Q

What’s important about an enzyme?

A

Enzymes have a unique active site that binds its substrate, which causes it to change its shape (induced fit)

64
Q

Enzyme’s function cycle

A

Enzymes have optimal temps and pH ranges. Inhibitors can reduce enzyme function.

65
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

binds to the active site

66
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

A

binds to a different part of the active site

67
Q

Many enzymes are controlled by allosteric regulation

A

Regulator molecules (activators or inhibitors) bind to specific regulator sites which change the shape and function of the enzyme

68
Q

When does Cooperativity occurs

A

when binding of one substrate stimulates binding at other sites on the enzyme

69
Q

When does Feedback regulation

A

when the end product of a pathway allosterically inhibits an enzyme upstream in the pathway

70
Q

How can enzymes be further regulated?

A

Enzymes can be grouped into specific compartments or complexes to further regulate them

71
Q

Fermentation

A

partial degradation of glucose without oxygen

72
Q

Cellular respiration

A

complete break down of glucose with either oxygen (aerobic) or some other electron acceptor (anaerobic)

73
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons from one substance to another

74
Q

Reduction

A

gaining electrons from another substance

Biology 101/BioLab (2 decks)

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