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Biology 101/BioLab > Exam 2 notes > Flashcards

Exam 2 notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Two types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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2
Q

Examples of Prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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3
Q

Examples of Eukaryotic cells

A

protists, fungi, animals, and plants

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4
Q

Basic Features of all cells

A

Plasma Membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
chromosomes
ribosomes

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5
Q

Features of Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called nucleoid
No membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Features of Eukaryotes

A

DNA in a nucleus bonded by a nuclear envelope
membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus

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7
Q

Where are the cell’s chromosomes?

A

In the nuclear membrane.

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8
Q

What’s a nuclear membrane?

A

a double layered membrane made of pores and lamina protein mesh

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9
Q

What are ribosomes

A

protein-RNA complexes that synthesize protein

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10
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

Bound to the ER or free floating in the cytosol

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11
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

involved in the synthesis of proteins, lipids, membranes, glycoproteins

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12
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates

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13
Q

Rough ER

A

protein synthesis via bound ribosomes, membrane production

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14
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies molecules and transports them in vesicles

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15
Q

lysosome

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes which break down macromolecules

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16
Q

Vacuole

A

membrane bound vesicles for storage of water and waste

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration – this process uses oxygen to generate ATP

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18
Q

Where is ATP generated?

A

Along the mitochondrial membrane

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19
Q

Cristae

A

increases surface area

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20
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis(process that uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to generate sugar)

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21
Q

Where is chloroplast found?

A

found in green plants and algea

Chloroplast also has a green pigment called chlorophyll

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A

specialized organelles that produce hydrogen peroxide

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

structural support, provide motility, and aids signal transmission

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24
Q

What shapes the cell, guide organelle movement, and separate chromosomes?

A

Microtubules. They’re also found in flagella and cilia.

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25
What are Microfilaments?
thin rods which functions in muscle contraction, chloroplast streaming and amoeboid movement
26
What's important about intermediate filaments?
They support the cell shape and fix organelles.
27
What are a plant's cell wall made of?
cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins
28
What's plasmodesmata?
channels in the plant cell wall that connect the cells together
29
What is the extracellular matrix(ECM) made of?
glycoproteins, collagen, and proteoglycans
30
What's the ECM's function(s)?
that support cell adhesion, movement and regulation
31
What connects animal cells and facilitate communication between cells?
Tight junctions, desmosomes(anchoring junctions) and gap junctions(communication junctions)
32
In a fluid mosaic, where are amphiphilic proteins embedded
phospholipid bilayer
33
What's the most important characteristic of the cellular membrane
It's fluidity
34
What increases fluidity?
unsaturated phospholipids
35
What decreases fluidity?
saturated phospholipids
36
What does Cholesterol do in the cellular membrane?
Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity in animal cells during changes in temperature
37
How do proteins differ?
Proteins differ in their attachment to or through the membrane as well as their function
38
Where must cells exchanges their ions and molecules?
Across the cell membrane
39
Is the cell membrane selectively permeable?
Why yes, yes it is. And it allows transfer hydrophobic nonpolar molecules, but it resist transfer of hydrophilic molecules
40
What does embedded transport proteins do?
Embedded transport proteins allow the passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane
41
What do carrier proteins do?
Carrier proteins bind molecules and change their shape to transfer them across the membrane
42
Diffusion
spontaneous movement of a substance from a high concentration to low concentration; now energy required
43
What is osmosis?
diffusion of water
44
What if the extracellular space is hypertonic?
Water will move out of the cell.
45
What if the extracellular space is hypotonic?
Water will move into the cell.
46
What's facilitated diffusion?
It's a passive transport that requires a transport protein
47
Bulk transport
Bulk transport requires energy and vesicles to transport substances into and out of the cell.
48
Exocytosis
vesicles from inside the cell fuse to the membrane and release their contents outward
49
Endocytosis
vesicles form which bring substances into the cell
50
Phagocytosis
endocytosis of material into a food vacuole
51
Pinocytosis
endocytosis of the extracellular fluid
52
How is active transport different from passive transport?
Active transport goes against the concentration gradient(from low to high), thus it requires energy(ATP)
53
What's metabolism?
Metabolism is the collection of chemical reactions that occur in an organism
54
Catabolic pathway
break down and release energy
55
Anabolic pathway
build up and consume energy
56
What's energy?
the capacity for change and comes in many forms (kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, etc)
57
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
the energy of the universe is constant; energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed
58
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat
59
What is energy coupling?
Energy coupling allows the exergonic process of ATP hydrolysis to drive endergonic reactions by transferring a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to another mediator (now the phosphorylated intermediate)
60
What does ATP hydrolysis do to motor proteins?
ATP hydrolysis can also change the shape and binding affinities of transport or motor proteins
61
activation energy
The energy needed to break the reactant’s bonds E(alpha)
62
Enzymes
proteins that speed up reactions by lowering the E(alpha)
63
What's important about an enzyme?
Enzymes have a unique active site that binds its substrate, which causes it to change its shape (induced fit)
64
Enzyme's function cycle
Enzymes have optimal temps and pH ranges. Inhibitors can reduce enzyme function.
65
Competitive Inhibitor
binds to the active site
66
Noncompetitive Inhibitor
binds to a different part of the active site
67
Many enzymes are controlled by allosteric regulation
Regulator molecules (activators or inhibitors) bind to specific regulator sites which change the shape and function of the enzyme
68
When does Cooperativity occurs
when binding of one substrate stimulates binding at other sites on the enzyme
69
When does Feedback regulation
when the end product of a pathway allosterically inhibits an enzyme upstream in the pathway
70
How can enzymes be further regulated?
Enzymes can be grouped into specific compartments or complexes to further regulate them
71
Fermentation
partial degradation of glucose without oxygen
72
Cellular respiration
complete break down of glucose with either oxygen (aerobic) or some other electron acceptor (anaerobic)
73
Oxidation
loss of electrons from one substance to another
74
Reduction
gaining electrons from another substance

Biology 101/BioLab (2 decks)

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