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Exam 2 Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe Entamoeba gingivalis

A

-First Amoeba found in humans
-Found in teeth and gums, in gingival pockets, and crypts of tonsils
-Only trophozoites, cannot become cysts
-Quick movement, with blunt pseudopodia
-Numerous food vacuoles
-In 95%of unhealthy mouths, 50% of healthy mouths

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2
Q

Describe Endolimax nana

A

-Is an Amoeba
-Is not a pathogen
-Indicates poor living conditions
-Encystmant can occur (BECOMES CYST)
-Short blunt pseudopodia
-Large food vacuoles
-Found in the large intestine
-Moves slowly (Dwarf Slug)
- Think nana as in Grandma

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3
Q

Describe Iodamoeba buetschlii

A

-Is an Amoeba
-Humans, primates, and mainly pigs are the host
-Slow movement
-Lives in the large intestine and feeds on GI FLORA
-Mature cysts are an infective form
-4-8 percent prevalence in humans

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4
Q

Describe Opportunistic Amoebas

A
  • Can cause serious diseases or death in humans
    -Usually free living
    -Can invade the host’s tissues
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5
Q

Describe Vahkampfiidae (family)

A

-Has a flagellate and amoeboid stage
-Eruptive pseudopod formation
-Can produce cysts
-Can live in an aerobic soil, water, and air environment
-Can become facultative parasites in vertebrates
-Binary fusion occurs in the amoeboid form

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6
Q

Describe Naegleria fowleri

A

-Brain-Eating Amoeba
-Causes Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis AKA (PAM)
-Has a flagella no pseudopodia in the flagella stage
-Amoeboid stages have pseudopodia
-Single nuclei
-Acute stage–rapidly fatal and mainly occurs in children or young adults
-Forced in through water rushing up nose
-No known successful treatment

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7
Q

Describe Acanthamoeba

A

-Facultative parasite of humans
-No flagella present
-Causes chronic infection in the central nervous system
-Moves rapidly
-Causes keratitis
-Risk factors include
- Contact lenses
-Most common Amoeba in freshwater and soil BUT STILL RARE
-Challenging to treat

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8
Q

Apicomplexa Life Cycle

A
  • Merogony–Merozoites–Gametogony–Gametes (Male and Female)–Gametes fuse–Zygote–Sporogony–Sporozoite (Enters host cell)-Back to the start with Merogony
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9
Q

Apicomplexa anatomy

A

-Polar Rings-Usually one or two present
-Conoid-A cone structure up at the anterior section of the parasite it is within the polar rings
-Microtubules in the anterior section of the parasite
-Micronemes–elongated bodies
THESE ARE STRUCTURES USED IN LOCOMOTION
–All parasitic
-No cilia or flagella

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10
Q

Order Eucoccidioida

A
  • Family Hepatozoidae
    -300 Species
    -Blood-feeding arthropods are the definitive host
    -Transmission usually by consumption of these hosts rather than a bite (For example, dog eats a tick)
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11
Q

Hepatozoan Americanum

A

-Ticks are the definitive host
- Gamonts occur in leukocytes
-Gametes penetrate gut
-Clinical signs–elevated temp, weight loss, anemia, lethargy, decreased mobility

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12
Q

Family Eimeridae

A

-Contains sporocysts and sporocysts contain one or more sporozoites
-Merogony and gamotogony usually occur in the host
-Sprogony occurs outside the host
-Species-specific
-May be limited to a certain system or organ
-Vary in pathogenicity

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13
Q

Eimeria tenella

A

Intestinal ceca of chickens
Destroys tissues
High mortality in young birds
Infection occurs in contaminated feed and water Sporozoites exit oocyst in small intestine
Feed on host cells to become meronts(Which is an asexual reproduction)
Oocysts called sporonts and they are diploid
Can produce 2.52 million merozoites
Clinical signs–bloody diarrhea, death, closely packed large schizonts, cause hemorrhage, clogged blood
After infection no treatment

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14
Q

Toxiplasma Gondii

A

Cats are the definitive hosts,
found in every country
Found in warm-blooded animals
Asexual reproduction occurs in non-felid hosts
During acute infection, rapidly dividing stages occur (tachyzoites)
In chronic infections, they are in the brain, heart, and skeleton AKA Bradyzoites
Can hurt human fetus causing abnormalities
Freezing the cysts at -14C kills it

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15
Q

Sarcosystis

A

Tissue cysts form in muscle and brain tissue
Meishcers tubules
Oocysts sporulate in the linings of where mucus forms
Breaks down passage in intestine

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16
Q

Besnoitia

A

Cats are the definitive host
Intermediate Host–Lizards, opossums, rodents, donkeys, cattle
Thick walled cysts
Acute phase–weakness, fever, nodal swelling
Chronic phase–skin problems, infertility in bulls

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17
Q

Haemoproteus Sp.

A

Parasite of birgs and reptiles
Sexual phase occurs in flies
Exocythrocytic (Occurs outside red blood cells (Malaria)) occurs in lung capalaries
Can be found anywhere in the world
Found in pigeons

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18
Q

Haemoprotus columbe

A

Sporozoites injected at the bite site
Infected birds are usually are asymptomatic
Birds are restless and loose appetite
- lungs become congested and anemia may occur

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19
Q

Ciliates

A

Possess simple cilia or compound ciliary organelles during at least one life stage
Most have one or more micro and macronuclei
May or may not exhibit sexual reproduction
Most ciliates are free-living
May or may not exhibit sexual reproduction

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20
Q

Class Oligohymenophorea

A

Type of ciliate

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21
Q

Ichthypohtirius Mutifiliis

A

Cause ICH in fish
Attacks epidermis, cornea, and gill filaments
Asexual reproduction–1000 cells
Grey patches where the skin is colonized

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22
Q

Epistylis Spp.

A

Lives attached to a substrate, obligate ectocommensal
Sight specificity

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23
Q

Trichodina Spp.

A

Mobile
Prominent basal disc present
Aids in the attachment (teeth)
Hosts are Aquatic fish, amphibians, and invertebrates
May cause damage to the gills

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24
Q

Myxobolus cerebralis

Study These Flashcards
A

Causes whirling disease in salmonids
-Fish swim in circles when disturbed or while feeding.
High mortality in young
Huge economic loss
HDamage to cranium and nervous system if fish survives

25
Phylum Microsporidia
Unicellular, obligate, spore-forming, intracellular organisms - Highly resistant spores can exist for several years outside the host -Found in protozoa, members of flatworms, roundworms, bugs, crustaceans, fish, reptiles
26
Microsporidian Life Cycle
Extrusion of polar filament from the spore Sporoplasm-flows through tube gaming access Once inside Sporoplasm multiplies and once the spores mature burst the cell wall
27
Microsporidians and Myxozoans Similarities
Can affect vertebrate and invertebrate hosts Both require a 2nd host Both have polar filaments
28
Mesozoans
Tiny ciliated organisms that parasitize invertebrates Lack of digestive, circulatory, nervous, and excretory system The body has two layers of cells Two distinct mesozoan groups -Dicyemida -Orthonectida
29
Dicyemida, Class Rhombozoa
Marine invertebrates parasites of renal organs - occurring free in kidney sac, or surrounding area
30
Mesozoans: Orthonectida
Bilaterally symmetrical and has no organs or tissues No internal body cavity, digestive tract, or nervous system The body consists of two cell layers Possess the smallest genome of multicellular animals 18 species parasitize invertebrates Brittle stars is an example
31
Myxozoans
Spores are multicellular and structurally diverse Infects host by piercing it Invertebrates: Undergoes merogony and develops actinospores Vertebrates: mostly fish and asexual reproduction
32
Platyhelminthes
Dorsoventrally Flattened Usually Leaf-shaped or oval No body cavity Bilaterally symmetrical Elaborate nervous system (Ladder) Most are parasitic and thrive in many environments Digestion is extracellular
33
Trematoda; Aspidobothria
Loose parasitic relationship with mollusks It looks like a grenade Tegument The digestive system is simple Osmoregulatory system The nervous system is complex for a flatworm Males have multiple testes and females have lobated ovaries Can survive days in water or saline The normal host is the mollusk Can survive in fish or turtles if ingested
34
Aspidogaster conchicola
In the cavity of freshwater clams Europe, Africa, and North America Also seen in mollusks, turtles, and fish Oval with long mobile neck Eggs hatch in molluscan host Young can develop without further migration
35
Stichocotyle nephrosis
In bile ducts of rays Also found in crustaceans Aspects of life cycle are unknown
36
Digenean Trematodes
flukes Among the most common and abundant parasitic worms Needs a 1st and 2nd or even 3rd host Dorsobentrally flattened Oval in shape Very complex bodily systems
37
Digenean Life Cycle
Egg development -Some may need to develop in the environment and some may hatch in the parents Miracidium -ciliated, possess penetration glands -Active movement most find shot rapidly Sporocyst--embryos develop into daughter sprocysts Rediae Cercariae--tails may be present Metacercariae
38
Superfamily Echinostomoatoidea
Infect all classes of vertebrates Circumoral collar of peg-like spines
39
Echinostomes
Slender worms parasitize bile ducts of reptiles, birds, and mammals Live anywhere and non-host specific
40
Echinostoma spp.
Eggs--miracidia--sporocysts--mother redia--cercariae--metacercarie Human infected when raw snails are ingested
41
Fasciolidae
Large, leaf-shaped parasites of mammals Needs a 2nd IH in water Mostly on the liver of mammals Fasciola jacksoni--anemia, weight loss, death in elephants magna--exists in deer
42
Ribeiroia ondatrae
deformities in frogs IH host --snails 2nd IH: fish, larval amphibians DH: hawks, herons, badgers, muskrats
43
Paramphisotomoidea
Amphistomes - thick fleshy worms in dish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
44
Paramphistomum cervi
In rumen(HOOFED ANIMALS) of domestic mammals Most areas of the world Cercariae are large 2nd IH metacercariae encyst on aquatic vegetation Amphistome Highly pathogenic -often kills host -no adequate prevention or treatment
45
Stichorchis subtriquetrus
Parasite of beavers Metacercariae on sticks at bottom of ponds Mother redia develops in miracidium--released in snail after penetration Adult worms live in the stomach of beavers and can lead to mortality in some cases
46
Megalodiscus temperatus
Rectum and bladder of amphibians Posterior sucker is huge No second intermediate host cercariae have eyespots and swim toward lighted areas
47
Plagiorchiformes and Opisthorchiformes
Wide variety of vertebrates All cercariae encyst in a 2nd IH in contrast to many echinostomades
48
Order plafiorchiida
AHave a simply tail with dorsal finfold Eggs must be eaten by a snail before hatching
49
Diceocodelidae
Liver flukes Some parasitize bladder inestine or pancreas Land snails are 1st IH Pointed at both ends for body shape
50
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Lives in bile ducts of the liver 1st IH is a land snail Snail deposits slime balls covered in cercaria as it moves An ant will ingest the slime balls Known as the lancet fluke Wait for grazing animals to eat them from plants mainly grazing animals
51
Troglotrematidae
Oval, thick flukes Parasites of lung intessting
52
Nanophyetus salmincola
Causes salmon disease, dogs ingest raw salmon is called rickettsial disease more formal Snail hosts Eggs metacercariae most common in kidneys, fins, and muscles hatch in water
53
Heterophyidae
tiny tear drop shaped flukes
54
Heterophyes heterophyes
Adults in the small intestine, in fish DH becomes infected upon eating undercooked fish
55
Monogeneans
Hermaphroditic flatworms External parasites of fish Usually exist on gills Usually in wide populations not as problematic because the fish are too spread out Host and Sight specific Life span is from a few days to a few years If the host dies the parasite usually will die shortly after
56
Monogeneans Anatomy
Bilaterally symmetrical Partially asymmetrical Body colorless or grey
57
Monogenean Life Cycle
Single Host (NO IH) Egg--> Onocomiracidium (in most species)--> Adult
58
Dacylogyrids
Marine and freshwater fish Most common monogeneans Often found on gills
59
Gyrodactylids
Economically significant pests --trout, bluegills, and goldfish Common on freshwater fish Possesses an Egg Cell Formation Region Appear unable to swim - Direct transfer must take place Infections spread easily in hatcheries

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