(Exam 2) Pharmacokinetics

Question 1

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 1

time course of a drug’s action

how much gets into the system, stays, and has effect

Question 2

what does pharmacokinetics allow the determination of?

Answer 2

concentration of the drug at R, intensity of drug effect, and dosage

Question 3

what does ADME stand for?

Answer 3

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Question 4

what is drug absorption?

Answer 4

movement of a drug from admin site to blood (across the BBB)

Question 5

what does BBB stand for?

Answer 5

Blood-brain barrier

Question 6

what is drug distribution?

Answer 6

where the drug goes - from blood to rest of the body, or where we want it to go

Question 7

what is drug metabolism?

Answer 7

the breakdown of drug; takes place almost as soon as it gets into the body

Question 8

what is drug elimination?

Answer 8

removal of drug metabolic waste products; once eliminated need a new dose

Question 9

what are metabolites and what do they cause?

Answer 9

metabolites are waste products and can have their own effect aside from the drug

Question 10

different ways to get a drug into the body?

Answer 10

IM, SC, TD, IV, TM, IH, and PO

Question 11

IM and example

Answer 11

intramuscular; epi pen

Question 12

SC and example

Answer 12

subcutaneous - under skin, but not into muscle; insulin, IVF

Question 13

TD and example

Answer 13

transdermal; patch

Question 14

IV and example

Answer 14

intravenous; shots

Question 15

TM and example

Answer 15

transmembrane; under tongue

Question 16

IH and example

Answer 16

inhalation; smoking, anesthesia, huffing

Question 17

PO and example

Answer 17

per oral, pill

Question 18

if something is considered a “systemic circulation location”, where are the drugs located?

Answer 18

blood, system

Question 19

what is the ineffective range?

Answer 19

the range of dose/time where the drug doesn’t work

Question 20

what is the therapeutic window?

Answer 20

the range of dose/time where the drug has the intended effect

Question 21

what is the toxic range

Answer 21

the range of dose/time where the drug is toxic and can cause death or severe problems

Question 22

what is the goal range?

Answer 22

therapeutic window

Question 23

what does an enteral route mean?

Answer 23

goes through the GI tract

Question 24

what does a parenteral route mean?

Answer 24

does not involve the GI tract

Question 25

examples of enteral routes?

Answer 25

oral or rectal admin

Question 26

why might drug companies try to do a parenteral route?

Answer 26

GI is a major hurdle; needs to survive after intestine metabolism, liver metabolism; not destroyed by stomach acid; and is affected by body weight and food intake

Question 27

examples of parenteral routes

Answer 27

IV, IH, TM, TD

Question 28

are parenteral or enteral route drugs "custom made"?

Answer 28

parenteral route drugs

Question 29

what absorption method can be faster onset than IV?

Answer 29

IH

Question 30

what is IH popularly used for?

Answer 30

recreational drugs

Question 31

why is IH faster onset than IV?

Answer 31

goes to the lung tissue which has a large surface and is designed to absorb oxygen

Question 32

TM can be absorbed through what face areas?

Answer 32

mouth or nose (across mucous membranes of nose)

Question 33

examples of drugs absorbed through TM?

Answer 33

cocaine, nicotine replacements, fentanyl, morphine, suboxone

Question 34

why is TM method better and used for nicotine replacements?

Answer 34

important to stop behavior of smoking (IH) and use a replacement method to subdue nicotine addiction

Question 35

what does suboxone do in regards to addiction?

Answer 35

opiate agonist + antagonist combo; gives little for opiate craving, but also antagonist

Question 36

how do patches work?

Answer 36

continuous, controlled release of drug; slow absorption (hours or days), + minimizes side effects

Question 37

examples of TD absorption drugs

Answer 37

nicotine, fentanyl (for chronic pain), estrogen, scopalamine (motion sickness), selegilene (depression), methylphenidate (ADHD in children)

Question 38

which is more dangerous: IV or IH? why?

Answer 38

IV; can circulate longer if not controlled; if ODing, IH + pass out = stop admin, IV = too late, already in system

Question 39

IM absorption rate compared to PO and IV

Answer 39

faster than PO, slower than IV

Question 40

IM typically injected into

Answer 40

arm/bicep, thigh

Question 41

SC injected where?

Answer 41

under the skin (between skin + muscle)

Question 42

is SC used often?

Answer 42

no; not easy to do; risk of damage to the skin

Question 43

where is SC often used?

Answer 43

vet med - injected in scruff | animal research

Question 44

what affects distribution?

Answer 44

membranes; cell membranes, capillary walls, BBB, placental "barrier"; system

Question 45

what are capillary walls?

Answer 45

single layer of cells; extremely thin wall blood vessels; holes btwn cells

Question 46

what typically moves through capillary walls?

Answer 46

nutrients, waste, + drugs

Question 47

what doesn't typically move through capillary walls?

Answer 47

RBCs (red blood cells) + large protein molecules bc they are too big

Question 48

what is the purpose of the BBB?

Answer 48

protects neurons from toxins?