Exam 2 Questions Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
KR increases the chance that the correct response will be repeated.
A
True
2
Q
Negative transfer is when practice of the transfer task decreases performance of the target task relative to performance of the target task by a group that did not receive additional practice of the transfer task.
A
True
3
Q
Transfer depends on the similarity of the practiced tasks.
A
True
4
Q
The Guidance Hypothesis states that he use of frequent feedback increases the performer’s ability to judge the correctness of their performance.
A
False
5
Q
The manual gear shift in driving a car is an example of a collection of action units
A
True
6
Q
Guidance refers to any technique whereby the learner is in some way (physically or verbally, e.g.) guided through the task that is to be learned.
A
True
7
Q
Variability of practice studies show that practice of a number of different versions of tasks belonging to the same movement class (or governed by the same general motor program, GMP) will result in greater generalizability (or performance of new tasks of the same movement class) than the practice of one or some limited number of tasks belonging to the same movement class.
A
True
8
Q
Contextual interference refers to the situation in which interference or difficulty during the acquisition of some number of tasks leads to enhanced retention and/or transfe
A
True
9
Q
We can study the process of “storing” or “encoding” information in memory.
A
True
10
Q
Franklin Henry is the researcher who “debunked” the theory of General Motor Ability (GMA)
A
True
11
Q
Performance curves always reflect the amount learned.
A
False
12
Q
Subjective reinforcement refers to the development of an internal reference of correctness that allows the performer to judge the correctness of their own performance.
A
True
13
Q
KR has dependency producing properties.
A
True
14
Q
Learning curves are usually negatively accelerated.
A
True
15
Q
Fleishman and Rich (1963) showed that some abilities that were important early in learning gain importance later in learning.
A
False
16
Q
As speed increases, accuracy decreases
A
True
17
Q
General learning has to do with the extent to which practice on one task contributes to the performance of other, related tasks.
A
True
18
Q
For modeling to benefit learning the individual doing the demonstration must be highly skilled.
A
False
19
Q
Mental practice refers to the rehearsal of a motor skill in the absence of muscle contractions (i.e., “covert practice”)
A
True
20
Q
In the Fitt’s Task, the subject moves back and forth between two targets as fast and accurately as possible
A
True
21
Q
In the following figure, which time interval is the KR-Delay interval?
A
A (between Trial 1 and KR)
22
Q
A small gain in performance for an expert may be equivalent to a larger gain for a novice performer.
A
True
23
Q
The sensitivity of the measure used to study learning may influence experimental findings.
A
True
24
Q
Absolute frequency is the total number of trials on which KR is given.
A
True
25
The differential approach puts emphasis on differences between people.
True
26
Relative frequency is the proportion of trials on which KR is given.
True
27
With practice the rate of improvement changes toward zero.
True
28
Generalizability (or transfer) of learning has to do with the extent to which practice on one task contributes to the performance of other, related tasks.
True
29
The variability of a movement increases up to a certain point with the force (impulse) used to initiate it
True
30
Squaring a correlation gives a measure of the usefulness the relationship of two tests is for predictive purposes.
True
31
Henry's Specificity Hypothesis holds that an "all-around" athlete is an individual who inherited "good" independent abilities
True
32
The experimental approach puts emphasis on "laws" that apply to everyone.
True
33
Effective target width is the area of the target moved to by the performer
True
34
The Adams-Reynolds Paradigm is an example of using transfer designs to remove the bias caused by temporary performance factors on learning measures.
True
35
Verbal instructions may be most useful during the early phase of learning.
True
36
Coaches should use prediction formulas to "cut" less talented young performers from development teams so more attention can be provided to more talented young performers.
False
37
Individual difference procedures are often used to identify talent for pilots, surgeons, and professional and Olympic sports.
True
38
A correlation can be positive or negative in direction.
True
39
The term "proactive" refers to the situation in which practice of one task "works ahead" in time to influence learning of a different task.
True
40
Moments have no meaning.
False
41
Learning is a dynamic process across the three stages of learning.
True
42
Massing of practice is a powerful learning variable and a relatively weak performance variable.
False
43
Ceiling and floor effects are examples of the finding that basketball is played better on courts with high ceilings and parquet floors.
False
44
During the cognitive phase of learning the primary concern is understanding what is to be done.
True
45
Skills are modifiable by practice but abilities are not.
True
46
The second part of the movement is under close-loop contron
True
47
The first part of the movement is under open-loop control
True
48
Depth of processing occurs when an event or action is compared or contrasted with other similar events or actions.
False
49
According to the Box Theory of memory, the amount of rehearsal an event or action receives will determine if it is passed-on to Long-Term Memory (LTM) where it is stored permanently.
True
50
Instructors should not worry about lebng a number of trials intervene between a practice trial and its KR.
False
51
Every task requires speed, accuracy, or a combination of these
True
52
Shooting a ball at the basket in basketball is an example of task governed by Fitt's Law
True
53
The "Box Theory" of memory states that there are 5 separate storage components.
False
54
A collection of paired movements described for picking up an object in class were:
- Program for eye movement
- Program for head movement
- Program for hand/arm movement
True
55
Which is not a theoretical explanation for contextual interference?
Psychoneuromuscular explanation
56
As accuracy increases, speed decreases
True
57
Shea and Titzer (1993) performed a study that provided strong support for proactive interference as the reason for the contextual interference effect.
False
58
Schema theory holds that after a movement 4 things are briefly stored: 1.) initial conditions; 2.) parameters; 3.) movement outcome; 4.) sensory consequences
True
59
We should recognize that a single, optimal distribution of practice and rest periods does not exist, and that this choice will depend on the task to be learned.
True
60
Knowledge of Performance (KP) informs the performer about their success with respect to the movement pattern used.
True
61
The best measure of retention is the relative retention measure.
False
62
During the associative phase of learning the primary concern is understanding how to improve task performance.
True
63
A criterion variable is the score that you are trying to predict
True
64
One reason for not remembering (or forgetting) is that the information is no longer present in memory and this is referred to as being no longer "available."
True
65
Positive transfer is when practice of the transfer task facilitates performance of the target task relative to performance of the target task by a group that did not receive additional practice of the transfer task.
True
66
Massed practice refers to those practice sessions in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials.
True
67
The rate of improvement increases with practice.
False
68
"Information overload" refers to the case where too much feedback/instructions is given without consideration of the memory and processing capacity of the learner.
True
69
A face valid task (test) is one that closely resembles the task being predicted.
True
70
The goal of the experimental approach is to predict an individual's performance on one task from knowledge of their performance on a different task.
False
71
The ultimate test of whether or not part-whole practice methods are effective depends on the amount of transfer that can be shown from the practice of the part to the performance of the whole task
True
72
Transfer-appropriate processing holds that it is the similarity of the underlying processes (not simply the conditions) between acquisition and criterion transfer performance that will be the critical determinant of the "goodness' of practice.
True
73
Extrinsic feedback is information that is not available to the teacher or coach and is available to the performer through their own sense organs.
False
74
"Indirect" retrieval is characterized by the use of other associated information or cues to search memory for the desired information.
True
75
Learning and physical fitness are examples of hypothetical constructs.
True
76
Fitt's Law states that vision is not important for control of movements
False
77
Coordination consists of multiple program components creating a single, coordinated group of movements
True
78
As the size (strength) of the correlation increases (positive or negative), predictability increases.
True
79
One way to measure motor learning is to investigate performance curves
True
80
Fitt's equation means that the time to perform a task is determined by the amplitude of the movement and the width of the target being moved to
True
81
We can also study "remembering" which is the process of "retrieving" information from memory.
True
82
In the following figure, which time interval is the Inter-Trial interval?
C (In the middle)
83
Which is not a theoretical explanation for mental practice?
forgetting explanation
84
Forgetting can occur because information may be currently present in memory ("available"), but the act of retrieval is not sufficient to access it. In this case we say the information was not "accessible."
True
85
Intratask transfer refers to the effect of practicing one variation of a task on performance of a similar variation of the task, e.g., driving one car to another; clay court to hard surface tennis.
True
86
The recognition schema is concerned with response evaluation, and is comprised of the relationship between the initial conditions, the environmental outcomes, and the sensory consequences.
True
87
In the following figure, which time interval is the Post-KR interval?
B (between KR and Trial)
88
Relative retention is the level of performance on the initial trial(s) of the retention test.
False
89
The recall schema is concerned with movement production, and is defined by the relationship between the desired outcome and the parameters (along with the initial conditions).
True
90
Errorless practice has been found to be beneficial for learning.
False
91
Prediction of later performance from early performance may be a very useful tool for development of elite athletes.
False
92
Proactive transfer concerns the extent to which practice of earlier tasks influences the learning of new tasks.
True
93
Levels of processing theorists argue that retention is a reflection of the extent or level of meaningful processing performed on an event or action.
True
94
Memory must not be conceptualized as a "place" where information is stored for later use.
False
95
The performance of a secondary task allows the learner to perform the primary task better during practice, especially in sports with low ceilings.
False
96
"Direct" retrieval is when the information is directly accessible. This is typical of highly practiced skills in which performance is automatic.
True
97
Fitt's Equation is: movement time = a + b (Log2 (2A/W)
True
98
Intertask transfer refers to the effect of prac6cing one task on performance of a different task, e.g., handball to paddleball.
True
99
In a blocked practice order all trials on one task are completed before the first trial on the next task is introduced (e.g., Tasks A, B, & C = AAAA, BBBB, CCCC).
True
100
An action unit is a "piece" of total motor behavior
True
101
Coordination is the creation of a set of action units
True
102
Knowledge of Results (KR) tells the learner their success relative to the goal.
True
103
The differential method studies relationships between or among variables using correlational techniques.
True
104
During the automatic phase of learning performance is highly susceptible to interference.
False
105
Retrieval may be "reconstructive." In this case, the skill performer may retrieve an incomplete or partial action plan and they fill-in the missing units.
True
106
Relative retention measures express the absolute-retention score relative to scores obtained during practice.
True
107
The monotonic benefits assumption holds that there is a proportional gain in skill throughout practice.
True
108
A savings score has to do with the amount of time saved in learning one task as a result of having first practiced a different task.
True
109
The typical finding in a contextual interference experiment is the blocked condition performs beker during practice than the random condition, but later performance during a retention test is beker for the random condition than for the blocked condition.
True
110
Distributed practice refers to those practice sessions in which the amount of rest between trials equals or exceeds the amount of time in a trial, leading to a somewhat more "restful" practice sequence.
True
111
The ques;on of "performance curves" actually showing learning is related to the objectivism-subjectivism dilemma
True
112
In a random practice order trials on multiple tasks are practiced in an unsystematic order (e.g., Tasks A, B, & C = A, B, C, A, C, B, A, C, B).
True
113
KR has few motivational benefits.
False
114
Warm-up decrement has to do with adjustments (postural and arousal) necessary to perform the task. WUD is considered a learning variable.
False
115
Transfer depends on the number of "identical elements" that exist in common between two tasks.
True
