Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A & P 2 > Exam 2 redo > Flashcards

Exam 2 redo Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

A

Narrowing/blockage of coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does CAD affect blood flow?

A

It reduces blood flow to the heart muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Coronary Ischemia?

A

Inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes Angina Pectoris?

A

Transient ischemia without myocardial cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

A

Death of myocardial cells due to prolonged ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Atherosclerotic Plaque?

A

Accumulation of cholesterol and fats in arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a Thrombus?

A

Blood clot that can occlude a coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of Nitroglycerin?

A

Vasodilator; reduces preload and oxygen demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do β-blockers affect the heart?

A

They reduce heart rate and contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

Lower blood pressure and reduce afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of Aspirin in CAD treatment?

A

Prevents thrombus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the oxygenation status of the Right Atrium?

A

Deoxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the oxygenation status of the Left Ventricle?

A

Oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle in terms of nuclei?

A

Cardiac muscle has 1-2 nuclei per cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Cell junctions in cardiac muscle with gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is contraction initiated in cardiac muscle?

A

Autorhythmic pacemaker cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does calcium come from in cardiac muscle?

A

From the SR and extracellular Ca²⁺

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do action potentials in cardiac muscle differ from those in skeletal muscle?

A

Cardiac action potentials are longer with a plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What initiates the slow depolarization in pacemaker cells?

A

Funny current (If) causing Na⁺ influx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during Phase 0 of contractile cell action potentials?

A

Na⁺ influx causes rapid depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What occurs during Phase 2 of contractile cell action potentials?

A

Ca²⁺ influx balanced by K⁺ efflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of sympathetic stimulation on pacemaker cells?

A

Increases heart rate via cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?

A

Decreases heart rate by increasing K⁺ efflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of β-blockers?

A

Block β₁ receptors to decrease heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does Atropine do?
Blocks M₂ receptors to increase heart rate
26
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial systole: Atria contract, final filling Isovolumetric contraction: All valves closed, pressure increases Ventricular ejection: SL valves open, blood ejected Isovolumetric relaxation: All valves closed, pressure decreases Ventricular filling: AV valves open, passive filling
27
What are the key events in the cardiac cycle diagram?
ECG: P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS (ventricular depolarization), T wave (repolarization) Heart Sounds: S1 (AV valves close), S2 (SL valves close) Valves: AV valves open during filling; SL valves open during ejection Pressure/Volume: EDV (max fill), ESV (post-ejection volume), SV = EDV - ESV
28
What does EDV stand for in the cardiac cycle?
End-Diastolic Volume
29
What does ESV stand for in the cardiac cycle?
End-Systolic Volume
30
How is Stroke Volume (SV) calculated?
SV = EDV - ESV
31
What is the significance of the P wave in an ECG?
It represents atrial depolarization
32
What does the QRS complex represent in an ECG?
Ventricular depolarization
33
What does the T wave represent in an ECG?
Ventricular repolarization
34
What is the formula for Cardiac Output (CO)?
CO = HR × SV
35
What does HR stand for in the context of cardiac output?
Heart rate
36
How is Stroke Volume (SV) defined?
Volume ejected per beat
37
What is the effect of increasing Heart Rate (HR) on Cardiac Output (CO)?
Directly proportional
38
What happens to Stroke Volume (SV) when End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) increases?
SV increases
39
What is the relationship between End-Systolic Volume (ESV) and Stroke Volume (SV)?
↑ ESV → ↓ SV
40
What does preload refer to in cardiac physiology?
Ventricular stretch before contraction
41
How does increased preload affect Stroke Volume (SV)?
↑ preload → ↑ SV
42
What is afterload in the context of cardiac output?
Resistance to ejection
43
What effect does increased afterload have on Stroke Volume (SV)?
↑ afterload → ↓ SV
44
What does contractility refer to in cardiac physiology?
Strength of contraction
45
How does increased contractility affect Stroke Volume (SV)?
↑ contractility → ↑ SV
46
What factors can increase preload?
↑ venous return, ↑ blood volume
47
What factors can increase contractility?
↑ sympathetic tone, ↑ Ca²⁺, epinephrine
48
What factors can increase afterload?
↑ arterial pressure, ↑ vascular resistance
49
If HR is 70 bpm and SV is 75 mL, what is the Cardiac Output (CO)?
5250 mL/min or 5.25 L/min
50
If EDV is 130 mL and ESV is 60 mL, what is the Stroke Volume (SV)?
70 mL
51
What does the Frank-Starling Law state?
↑ EDV → ↑ stretch ↑ stretch → ↑ contraction force ↑ contraction force → ↑ SV
52
What is the Bainbridge Reflex?
↑ venous return → stretch RA Stretch RA → ↑ HR Mechanism via sympathetic stimulation
53
What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall called?
Tunica Intima
54
What is the primary function of the Tunica Intima?
Smooth surface for blood flow
55
What structures are found in the Tunica Media?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
56
What is the function of the Tunica Media?
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
57
What type of tissue is the Tunica Externa made of?
Connective tissue
58
What is the primary function of the Tunica Externa?
Protection and anchoring
59
What is atherosclerosis?
Chronic inflammation causing plaque buildup
60
What initiates the process of atherosclerosis?
Endothelial injury
61
What do monocytes become after infiltrating the arterial wall?
Macrophages
62
What do macrophages do with oxidized LDL?
Engulf it to become foam cells
63
What is formed when foam cells and smooth muscle combine?
Fatty streak
64
What can happen if a plaque ruptures?
It can lead to a thrombus
65
What are the three types of capillaries?
Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
66
What is the structure of continuous capillaries?
Tight junctions, uninterrupted endothelium
67
Where are continuous capillaries found?
Muscle, skin, lungs, CNS
68
What is the function of fenestrated capillaries?
Rapid exchange of fluids/small solutes
69
Where are fenestrated capillaries typically found?
Kidneys, small intestine, endocrine glands
70
What is the structure of sinusoidal capillaries?
Large gaps and discontinuous basement membrane
71
What is the function of sinusoidal capillaries?
Allows large molecules/cells to pass
72
What is edema?
Excess interstitial fluid
73
What causes increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Pushing more fluid out
74
What happens when plasma protein levels decrease?
Less fluid is drawn back in
75
What occurs with increased capillary permeability?
Proteins leak out, osmotic pull increases
76
What is a common cause of lymphatic obstruction?
Fluid not drained
77
What percentage of total blood volume is in systemic veins/venules?
~60–65%
78
What percentage of total blood volume is in systemic arteries?
~10–15%
79
What percentage of total blood volume is in the pulmonary circuit?
~10–12%
80
What percentage of total blood volume is in the heart chambers?
~8%
81
What percentage of total blood volume is in capillaries?
~5%

A & P 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions