Exam 2 respiratory

Question 1

suprasternal notch

Answer 1

U shaped depression just above sternum between clavicles

Question 2

Mediastinum

Answer 2

middle section of thoracic cavity containing esophagus, trachea, heart, and great vessels

Question 3

Angle of Louis

Answer 3

articulation of manubrium and sternum, and continuous with second rib (marks where trach turns into r and l bronchi)

Question 4

tactile fremitus

Answer 4

helps assess the density of the lung tissue and chest cavity - vibrations are heard louder in pneumonia, and absent or less in COPD

Question 5

xiphoid process

Answer 5

little bone below sternum

Question 6

pleurae

Answer 6

form an envelope
between lungs and chest wall

Question 7

consolidation

Answer 7

fluid build up in the lungs which causes more sound transmission - leads to positive sound test results (and louder bronchophony) and dull percussion

Question 8

costal margin

Answer 8

the right and left costal margins form an angle where they meet at xiphoid process (ribs 7-10)

Question 9

crepitus

Answer 9

crackly, crinkly sensation with gentle, bubbly feeling

Question 10

vertebra prominens

Answer 10

Flex your head and feel for most prominent bony spur protruding at base of neck

Question 11

bronchial sounds

Answer 11

Loud, high-pitched sounds heardover the trachea and larynx - normal/expected

Question 12

Bronchovesicular
sounds

Answer 12

Medium-pitched
sounds heard over the
major bronchi - normal/expected

Question 13

Vesicular breath
sounds

Answer 13

Soft, low-
pitched, rustling sounds
heard primarily during
inspiration. They are
produced by air flowing
through small airways
(bronchioles). - normal / expected

Question 14

sputum

Answer 14

a thick, sticky mucus that is coughed up from the lungs

Question 15

wheeze - sibilant

Answer 15

Musical sound, squeak heard during inspiration or
expiration
 Usually louder during expiration

Question 16

Wheeze—sonorous rhonchi

Answer 16

Loud, low, coarse sound, similar to a snore;
heard continuously during inspiration or expiration
 May clear with cough
 Usually due to mucus accumulating in trachea or bronchi

Question 17

stridor

Answer 17

high-pitched, harsh, whistling sound that occurs when air flows through a narrowed or obstructed upper airway

Question 18

rales

Answer 18

Fine crackles are short, high-pitched lung sounds that are sometimes described as crackling, bubbling, or clicking. They are also known as alveolar rales or crepitation

Question 19

hyperventilation

Answer 19

condition where a person breathes rapidly and deeply, resulting in a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.

Question 20

hypoventilation

Answer 20

breathing is too shallow or slow, leading to inadequate gas exchange in the lungs and potentially causing low blood oxygen levels and carbon dioxide buildup.

Question 21

coarse crackles

Answer 21

low-pitched, longer lasting, often due to fluid or secretions in larger airways

Question 22

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

Answer 22

an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by alternating periods of rapid, deep breathing (hyperpnea) and shallow or absent breathing (apnea or hypopnea

Question 23

adventitious lung sounds

Answer 23

extra lung sounds (abnormal). discontinuous (come and go)
- crackles and rubs

Question 24

Crackles—fine

Answer 24

Abnormal respiratory sound heard more often during
inspiration and characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds
 Fine: high-pitched, relatively short in duration
- occur from congestive heart failure, pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis,
pneumonia, and pulmonary edema (heard at base of lungs)

Question 25

Pleural friction rub:

Answer 25

Usually caused by inflammation of pleural surfaces; Loudest over lower lateral anterior surface  Dry, rubbing, grating sound heard during inspiration or expiration

Question 26

Atelectatic crackles

Answer 26

fine, discontinuous, high-pitched sounds heard during inspiration when small airways in the lungs reopen after being collapsed. ￿ Crackles, typically heard at the bases (bottom) of the lungs

Question 27

atelectasis causes

Answer 27

Alveolar collapse due to:  Blockage of airways by mucus, blood clots, or tumors  Lack of surfactant (a substance that keeps alveoli open)  Prolonged bed rest  Postoperative surgery

Question 28

inspection of thoracic cage

Answer 28

Note shape and configuration of chest wall  Note the position the person takes to breath (tripod red flag)  Note any lesions; inquire about changes Size and shape (anteroposterior diameter compared with transverse diameter)  Color  Venous patterns  Symmetry during inhalation and exhalation  Superficial venous patterns  Prominence of ribs

Question 29

body habitus effect on tactile fremitus

Answer 29

affecting the distance between the chest wall and the lungs, and the amount of tissue between the lungs and the stethoscope. bigger bodies may dampen the the resonance, while in thinner bodies it may appear clearer

Question 30

pneumonia

Answer 30

a lung infection, often caused by bacteria or viruses, where the air sacs (alveoli) become inflamed and fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe and get oxygen into the bloodstream - crackles, pleural friction rub, positive egophony, bronchophony and whisper test,

Question 31

emphysema

Answer 31

characterized by deep, rapid breathing with pursed lips, finger clubbing, and a barrel chest - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), damages the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe, and is often caused by smoking

Question 32

asthma

Answer 32

coarse crackles and wheezing - inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways, which makes it harder to breathe. Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness

Question 33

pleural effusion

Answer 33

positive egophony, bronchophony, and whisper tests.

Question 34

pulmonary embolism

Answer 34

pleural friction rub is heard. blood clot occludes pulmonary artery and makes it hard to breathe + chest pain