Exam: 2 Respiratory Function

Question 1

What are the four major components that work together the in respiratory system?

Answer 1

Conduction, Ventilation, Respiration, Circulation

Question 2

Laminar pattern of flow

Answer 2

fastest flow in the center, slower on the side from friction against vessel wall

Question 3

Turbulent pattern of flow

Answer 3

flow pathway becomes disorganized, maybe unhealthy vessel, not flowing smoothly

Question 4

Transitional pattern of flow

Answer 4

where these is a branch or split in vessel

Question 5

Respiratory Epithelium

Answer 5

Respiratory epithelial cells, primary function to moisten, protect, and facilitate gas exchange.

Question 6

Function of the Bronchial Arteries

Answer 6

to provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

Question 7

Function of Pulmonary Arteries

Answer 7

provide deoxygenated blood for gas exchange

Question 8

What is recruitment?

Answer 8

allows opening of previously closed capillaries

Question 9

What is distention?

Answer 9

allows for widening of capillary vessels

Question 10

What are the zones of pulmonary blood flow and perfusion?

Answer 10

Zone 1: minimal perfusion
Zone 2: intermittent perfusion
Zone 3: continuous perfusion

Question 11

What is Ventilation perfusion matching (V= ventilation, Q=perfusion)?

Answer 11

Ventilation = the amount of air that reaches the alveoli, Perfusion = the blood that reaches the alveoli via the capillaries. This is vital for ensuring continuous delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the body. Healthy individual has a V/Q ratio of 1

Question 12

Pulmonary Hypoxic Vasoconstriction

Answer 12

blood is shunted to areas with better ventilation, minimization of V/Q mismatch

Question 13

What is dead space?

Answer 13

volume of gas within the conducting zone (as opposed to the transitional and respiratory zones)

Question 14

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 14

measurement of the amount of air that enters the lungs per minute. Tidal Volume * Respiratory Rate

Question 15

What is the Alveolar-arterial Oxygen Gradient?

Answer 15

Oxygen in the Alveolus (PAO₂) – Oxygen in the Arterial Blood (PaO₂)

Question 16

What is the normal Aa gradient

Answer 16

10 mmHg

Question 17

What does a widening Aa gradient indicate?

Answer 17

worsening lung function

Question 18

What are the Mechanics of Ventilation?

Answer 18

Inspiration and Expiration

Question 19

Tidal volume

Answer 19

the volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath

Question 20

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 20

the amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume inspiration

Question 21

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 21

The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal expiration

Question 22

Vital capacity

Answer 22

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

Question 23

Residual volume

Answer 23

the amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling.

Question 24

What is Ohm’s Law

Answer 24

pressure difference = (airflow)(resistance)
or
Airway Resistance = (pressure difference)/(airflow)

Question 25

Compliance

Answer 25

Ability of the lungs to stretch and expand Change in Volume/ Change in Pressure

Question 26

What are Type II Pneumocytes?

Answer 26

produce surfactant in order to decrease surface tension and help increase lung compliance

Question 27

What is respiration?

Answer 27

The transfer of oxygen from the outside environment to cells within tissues, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite way

Question 28

How is CO2 transported?

Answer 28

dissolved in blood, carbaminohemoglobin, Bicarbonate

Question 29

What happens during acute respiratory distress?

Answer 29

Body tried to maintain homeostasis by increased worked of breathing, using accessory muscles, tripoding, tachypnea, speaking in shorter sentences, mental and circulatory function are unchanged

Question 30

What things may cause acute respiratory failure?

Answer 30

opioids, asthma, chronic lung disease, infectious illness, ABG of PaO2 < 60 mmHg, ABG of PaCO2 > 50 mmHg

Question 31

What is ABG?

Answer 31

arterial blood gas, test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. This test is used to find out how well your lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

Question 32

What are the clinical manifestations of Acute Respiratory Failure?

Answer 32

rapid shallow breathing/ slow irregular breathing, accessory muscle use, mental status changes, cyanosis/pallor (circulatory changes)

Question 33

What is the triad of pulmonary venous thromboembolism?

Answer 33

Venous stasis (immobility), hypercoagulability (cancer, pregnancy), intimal injury (trauma, endothelial damage)

Question 34

What is pulmonary venous thromboembolism?

Answer 34

a condition that occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein. VTE includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

Question 35

What is a Pulmonary embolism?

Answer 35

occurs when a blood clot gets stuck in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung.

Question 36

Clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism

Answer 36

circulatory obstruction causes sudden chest pain & dyspnea, hemoptysis, tachycardia/tachypnea

Question 37

What can be done to diagnosis Pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Answer 37

Doppler studies of lower extremities, spiral CT scan, VQ scan, Chest X-ray, ECG

Question 38

What is DVT?

Answer 38

Deep vein thrombosis, when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually in the legs.