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Microbiology SI :) > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Anabolism

A

Biosynthetic reactions.

These “build up” molecules.

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown reactions.

(usually) produce energy.

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3
Q

Oxidation

A

Remove electrons (H atoms).

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4
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons (H atoms).

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5
Q

Exergonic

A

Produce energy.

e.g. respiration

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6
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy input required.

e.g. photosynthesis

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7
Q

What are the three mechanisms for generating ATP?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation

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8
Q

The steps of biofilm production.

A
  1. Motile cell adheres to surface, loses motility.
  2. Growth
  3. Maturation of colony, where many species can grow and reproduce.
  4. Dispersion
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9
Q

Define Quorum sensing

A

A regulatory process wherein an inducer molecule must reach a concentration threshold before pathogenic exotoxins will be produced by bacterial colonies.

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10
Q

What are the steps of quorum sensing?

A

1) Produce inducer molecules
2) Inducers accumulate
3) Inducers reach critical density
4) Inducer stimulates gene expression.

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A
  • Determines bacteria shape
  • Strong structural support
  • Point of anchorage for flagella
  • Contribution to disease (Gram Negative Bacteria - Lipopolysaccarides)
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12
Q

Mycobacterium species have what type of cell wall?

A

Mycolic acid

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13
Q

Define pleomorphic.

A

Ability to assume various shapes

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14
Q

Nocardia are a soil bacteria that can potentially be pathogenic. What type of cell wall do they have?

A

Mycolic acid

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15
Q

Gram negative bacteria have LPS (lipopolysaccharides) that are also what kind of toxin?

A

Endotoxin.

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16
Q

What are the steps of sporogenesis/sporulation?

A

1) Newly replicated bacterial chromosome
isolated by in growth of plasma membrane
2) Spore septum becomes double layered
membrane-forespore
3) Thick layer of peptidoglycan laid down
between 2 membrane layers
4) Thick spore coat forms around outside
membrane

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16
Q

Why does a spore form?

A

The cell lacks nutrients and water.

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17
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

What is it’s function?

A

It is composed of phospholipids and proteins. The proteins can be peripheral (found on one side) or integral (found on both sides).

It controls passage of nutrients and metabolic wastes.
Also contains enzyme systems to carry out photosynthesis and respiration.

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18
Q

Where is the mesosome and what might its functions be?

A
  • Unknown function
  • Could be an artifact of the electron microscope
  • Increased surface area so more reactions can occur
  • Attachment site for chromosomes
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19
Q

What is the main difference you need to know between mycoplasmas and mycobacterium?

A

Mycobacterium have mycolic acid for the cell wall.

Mycoplasmas have no cell wall.

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20
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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22
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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23
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondrial matrix.

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24
Where does the ETC occur in prokaryotic cells?
The cell membrane.
25
Where does the ETC occur in eukaryotic cells?
In the cristae of the mitochondria.
26
How many total ATP are produced in aerobic respiration for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes = 38 ATP Eukaryotes = 36 ATP
27
One pyruvate in glycolysis produces how many ATP?
One pyruvate in glycolysis produces 2 ATP.
28
What is the net gain of ATP and NADH from glycolysis?
2 ATP and 2 NADH
29
One pyruvate in the Kreb’s cycle produces how many ATP, NADH, and FADH? What is the net gain?
One pyruvate = 1ATP, 4 NADH, and 1 FADH. Net gain = 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH.
30
What is the final electron carrier that passes the electrons to oxygen to make water for the aerobic respiration pathway?
Cytochrome oxidase
31
What are the three pathways in the breakdown of glucose?
Aerobic respiration Fermentation Anaerobic respiration
32
What are the steps in the breakdown of glucose?
Glycolysis Kreb’s cycle ETC
33
Fermentation uses what step(s)?
Glycolysis
34
Anaerobic respiration uses what step(s)?
All three - glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and ETC.
35
What is the final electron carrier for anaerobic respiration?
Inorganic salt such as sulfate or nitrate.
36
What is the final electron carrier of the fermentation pathway?
Organic compound | Meaning a carbon containing compound
37
How much energy is produced from the fermentation pathway?
2 ATP
38
How much energy is produced from the anaerobic respiration pathway?
Between 2 and 36 ATP.
39
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Plate Count method?
Pros: Counts viable cells Cons: Labor intense Requires equipment Takes time for cells to grow
40
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Filtration method?
Pros: Can be used for sparse samples Cons: Takes time for cells to grow Only useful for sparse samples
41
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Direct Microscope method?
Pros: Counts viable cells Same day results Cons: Labor intense Takes time Can’t count motile bacteria
42
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Turbidity method?
Pros: Same day results Con: Counts dead and living cells
43
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the metabolic activity method?
Pros: tells you if cells are present Cons: qualitative, not quantitative
44
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the dry weight method?
Pros: none. Cons: qualitative not quantitative.
45
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Automatic Cell Counting method?
Pros: Same day results Cons: Counts living and dead cells. Is expensive.
46
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Flow Cytometry method?
Pros: Sorts the cells. Can work on chromosomes. Time saving. Cons: Is expensive.
47
This theory states that bacteria formed symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes.
Endosymbiotic Theory
48
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic form of oxygen that can be destroyed by two enzymes. What are they?
Peroxidase Catalase
49
Superoxide free radical is a toxic form of oxygen that can be destroyed by what enzyme?
Superoxide dismutase
50
Name the enzyme that binds free iron in the blood stream.
Transferrin.
51
The diphtheria toxin is encoded by what?
A bacteriophage (AKA a bacterial virus).
52
Mesophiles live in what temperature?
Middle (room temp)
53
Psychrophiles live in what temperature?
Cold
54
Thermophiles live in what temperature?
Greater than 50 C
55
Thermoduric bacteria are also
Spore formers. They can withstand high temperatures.
56
Where on the pH scale are acidophiles, alkalinophiles, and neutrophiles?
pH 14 - Alkalinophiles Neutral (7) - Neutrophiles 0 - Acidophiles
57
What are the three types of Anthrax that can result based off of how it enters the body?
Cutaneous Gastrointestinal Inhalational
58
What is the gram reaction of anthrax?
Gram positive
59
What is the shape of anthrax?
Bacillus (rod)
60
What is the scientific name for the organism that causes Diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
61
Tetanus, diphtheria, cholera and anthrax are all caused by what kind of toxin?
Exotoxin
62
What is the scientific name for the organism that causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
63
What is the name of the diphtheria toxin?
Diphtherotoxin
64
What is the name of the tetanus toxin?
Tetanospasmin
65
What is the gram stain of Clostridium tetani?
Gram positive

Microbiology SI :) (2 decks)

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