Exam 2 Review

Question 1

The only source of large nerve fibers that go all the way from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are via the

Answer 1

Pyramidal cells

Question 2

Neurons communicating with other regions of the cerebral cortex and thalamus originate in which of the following cortical layers?

Answer 2

VI

Question 3

Which of the following landmarks demarcates the sensory cortex from the motor cortex

Answer 3

The central sulcus

Question 4

The major area for language comprehension is

Answer 4

Wernicke’s area

Question 5

Slowly adapting tonic receptors detect continuous stimulus strength; they include all the following EXCEPT…:

Answer 5

Phasic receptors

Question 6

Small, unmyelinated fibers that conduct signals at a slow velocity are…

Answer 6

C fibers

Question 7

T or F: Broca’s area is almost always dominant on the right side of the brain

Answer 7

False

Question 8

T or F: Memory of various details of an integrated thought that might include memory of the surroundings….declarative memory

Answer 8

True

Question 9

In typical sensory pathways, decussation occurs at what level?

Answer 9

Secondary (second order) neurons

Question 10

A diverging neuronal pathway can be used to

Answer 10

A and B

• amplify
• transmit

Question 11

The cell bodies of primary sensory neurons are located

Answer 11

In the dorsal root ganglia

Question 12

In typical sensory pathways, tertiary (third order) neurons typically terminate in which of the following areas?

Answer 12

Somatosensory cortex

Question 13

Critical types of tactile signals, such as two-point discrimination, are transmitted through which of the following?

Answer 13

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

Question 14

T or F: Fast pain is felt 1 second after application and increases over several seconds

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Pain travels through which of the following pathways?

Answer 15

Anterolateral pathway

aka Spinothalamic pathway

Question 16

Which of the following stimuli can cause headache

Answer 16

All of the above

Question 17

Wernicke’s area is located in which lobe of the cerebral cortex

Answer 17

Temporal

Question 18

Primary neurons carrying two-pt discrimination sensations from the upper limbs synapse where?

Answer 18

Nucleus cuneatus

Question 19

Incoming sensory signals excite which neuronal layer of the cerebral cortex first?

Answer 19

IV

Question 20

The total refractive power of the human eye is about

Answer 20

60 diopters

Question 21

An eyeball that is too short or a lens system that is too weak will cause the light rays coming from ……

Answer 21

Hyperopia

Question 22

The impingement of photons on a rod cell in the retina will cause rhodopsin to dissociate into which of the following?

Answer 22

Scotopsin and all-trans retinol

Question 23

Which of the following statements regarding ion flow through rod membranes in the dark is FALSE?

Answer 23

The inside of the rod membrane has a potential of -70mV

Question 24

In the rods, cGMP sodium gates are closed when phosphodiesterase is activated by which of the following?

Answer 24

Transducin

Question 25

Axons of which of the following cells make up the optic nerve?

Answer 25

Ganglion cells

Question 26

Which of the following is the NT used by rod and cone cells to transmit to bipolar cells?

Answer 26

Glutamate

Question 27

More than half of the ganglion cells are of the X type. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of X types?

Answer 27

They have extensive fields

Question 28

The primary visual cortex is made of how many layers?

Answer 28

6

Question 29

T or F: When the lens is in a relaxed state with no tension, it is almost spherical.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

The amount of the signal allowed to pass to the visual cortex is determined by which of the following?

Answer 30

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 31

Which is the correct conduction pathway sequence in the middle ear?

Answer 31

``` Typmanic membrane Malleus Incus Stapes Oval window ```

Question 32

Reissner's membrane separates which of the following pairs of chambers?

Answer 32

Scala vestibule/scalamedia

Question 33

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Answer 33

The basilar fibers are shortest near the helicotrema

Question 34

Most impedence matching is due to:

Answer 34

The differences in surface area of the typmpanic membrane and oval window

Question 35

T or F: in old age nerve deafness, loss of decibels in both air conduction and bone conduction is most apparent below a frequency of 1000

Answer 35

False

Question 36

The auditory complex is found in which of the following areas?

Answer 36

Lateral aspect of the temporal lobe

Question 37

T or F: The primary auditory cortex is directly excited by projections from the medial geniculate body (nucleus)

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Which of the following is a function of the auditory attenuation reflex involving tiny muscles attached to auditory ossicles?

Answer 38

All of the above are functions of the auditory attenuation reflex - projection - masking - decreasing

Question 39

Stereocilia (hairs) of the auditory hair cells are embedded in which of the following?

Answer 39

Tectorial membrane

Question 40

When hair cell stereocilia are bent, a tugging on the shorter stereocilia occurs such that ion channels open allowing which of the following to enter the hair cells?

Answer 40

Potassium

Question 41

Most of the integrative function of the spinal cord is due to which of the following?

Answer 41

Interneurons

Question 42

Which of the following BEST describes the function of Renshaw cells?

Answer 42

Lateral inhibition

Question 43

Regarding the patellar tendon reflex, which of the following statements regarding the myotactic reflex is TRUE?

Answer 43

An afferent fiber from a muscle spindle has an excitatory synapse with an alpha motor neuron to the quadriceps muscle (knee extensor)

Question 44

The afferent neurons from the Golgi tendon organ are of which of the following type?

Answer 44

Ib

Question 45

Which of the following efferent fibers are associated with nuclear intrafusal fibers but not nuclear chain gamma fibers?

Answer 45

Gamma-dynamic

Question 46

T or F: The muscle spindle is designed to detect changes in muscle tension, while the golgi tendon organ detects changes in muscle length

Answer 46

False

Question 47

T or F: Complex patterns of movement are generated in the premotor cortex

Answer 47

True

Question 48

The geniculocalcarine tract terminates in which of the following areas?

Answer 48

Visual cortex

Question 49

Signals from the macular area of the retina terminate in which of the following areas?

Answer 49

Occipital (posterior) pole of the visual cortex

Question 50

Which of the following respond to rapid changes in the visual image?

Answer 50

Y type ganglion cells

Question 51

T or F: The peripheral area of the retina is more sensitive to weak light

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Which of the following functions is NOT carried out in the motor cortex?

Answer 52

Comparison of actual movements with intended movements

Question 53

Control functions for muscle movements of the axial body, neck, shoulders and hips is located in which of the following areas of the cerebellum?

Answer 53

Vermis

Question 54

Which of the following regions of the cerebellum is mostly associated with the vestibular system?

Answer 54

Flocculonodular lobe

Question 55

Which of the following would NOT be a major function of the spinocerebellum?

Answer 55

It plans as much as tenths of a second in advance of actual movements ('motor imagery')

Question 56

The climbing fibers to the cerebellar cortex originate from which of the following areas?

Answer 56

Inferior olivary nuclei

Question 57

Parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex originate from which of the following cells?

Answer 57

Granular cells

Question 58

The only output from the cerebellar cortex originates from which of the following?

Answer 58

Purkinje cells

Question 59

T or F: In order to prevent the overshooting that would result from pendular movements (resulting in intention tremors) damping is provided primarily by the globus pallidus

Answer 59

False

Question 60

Lesions in which of the following deep cerebellar nuclei lead to trunk ataxia?

Answer 60

Fastigial nuclei

Question 61

Coordination of skilled movement and speech is primarily associated with which of the following divisions of the cerebellum?

Answer 61

Cerebrocerebellum

Question 62

A motor image of the total muscle activity that is to be performed first appears in which of the following regions?

Answer 62

Premotor cortex

Question 63

T or F: The cerebellum learns by its mistakes

Answer 63

True

Question 64

In the direct path involving the basal nuclei, the motor cortex projects to which of the following input nuclei

Answer 64

Putamen

Question 65

Excitatory feedback is provided to the globus pallidus internus from which of the following nuclei?

Answer 65

Subthalamic nucleus

Question 66

T or F: Activity in the indirect pathway involving the basal nuclei results in a decrease in motor activity

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Excitatory glutaminergic input to the motor cortex comes from which of the following?

Answer 67

Thalamus

Question 68

Which of the following NTs is the major inhibitory NT in the basal nuclei pathways?

Answer 68

GABA

Question 69

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

Answer 69

In Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic pathways to the direct and indirect pathways are lost

Question 70

T or F The cerebellum is NOT essential for locomotion

Answer 70

False