Exam 2 Review

Question 1

Increased pressure in the left atrium pushes the _______ against the _______.

Answer 1

septum primum; septum secundum

Question 2

The heart does not utilize ________ metabolism.

Answer 2

anaerobic

Question 3

Subendocardial infarction = ____________.

Answer 3

NSTEMI

Question 4

Contraindications for stress tests include ____________.

Answer 4

unstable angina, untreated arrhythmias, HF, AV blocks, aortic stenosis, HOCM, bad HTN, myocarditis/pericarditis

Question 5

Ranolazine helps __________.

Answer 5

improve exercise tolerance by blocking late sodium channels

Question 6

CCBs are __________ metabolized.

Answer 6

hepatically

Question 7

LDLs come from ____________.

Answer 7

VLDL (produced by the liver) that gets cleaved by lipase

Question 8

HDL is made by the __________.

Answer 8

liver and gut

Question 9

________ type aneurysm is more common.

Answer 9

Fusiform

Question 10

The five-year risk for rupture for a 5.5 cm aneurysm is ________.

Answer 10

25%

Question 11

_______ treats depression and helps with smoking cessation.

Answer 11

Bupropion

Question 12

The ________ becomes the atrioventricular septum.

Answer 12

AV sulcus

Question 13

Septation occurs from day _____ to _____.

Answer 13

28; 42

Question 14

Which aortic arches disappear?

Answer 14

1, 2, and 5

Question 15

What are the remnants of the 3rd, 4th, and 6th aortic arches?

Answer 15

3rd = carotids; 4th = right subclavian and aortic arch; 6th = pulmonary arteries

Question 16

What does the foramen ovale allow, and how does it close?

Answer 16

It allows RA -> LA shunting, and it closes when RA pressure drops.

Question 17

VSDs are associated with __________.

Answer 17

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 18

Embryologically, tetralogy of Fallot results from __________.

Answer 18

errors in the conal crests

Question 19

Dysthymia is characterized by __________.

Answer 19

depressed mood (though not as bad as MDE) for longer periods, specifically greater than two years

Question 20

People with depression often have an extra ______ allele.

Answer 20

5HT

Question 21

What do you first give to a patient with unstable angina?

Answer 21

IV nitroglycerin

Question 22

What does the fatty streak stage comprise?

Answer 22

LDL entrance, leukocyte recruitment, and foam cell formation

Question 23

What does the plaque progression stage comprise?

Answer 23

Smooth muscle cell migration and MMP release

Question 24

The rate-limiting step in the formation of cholesterol in the liver is regulated by __________.

Answer 24

HMG Co-A reductase

Question 25

Why is knowing the apolipoprotein B concentration important?

Answer 25

Because apolipoprotein B levels correlate with chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL–thus you know the total of potential atherosclerotic particles

Question 26

_________ are indicated for non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Answer 26

Warfarin, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran

Question 27

Which anti-platelet drug has bradycardia as a side effect?

Answer 27

Ticagrelor

Question 28

_________ inhibits phosphodiesterase.

Answer 28

Dipyridamole

Question 29

_________ is the most common reason cited for not adhering to anti-hypertensive medications.

Answer 29

"Forgetting to take them"

Question 30

The trabeculated portion of the right ventricle is derived from the ___________.

Answer 30

bulbus cordis

Question 31

Troponin levels become detectable between _________.

Answer 31

3-12 hours post MI

Question 32

Those with infarcted areas will have ________ on radioisotope testing.

Answer 32

fixed perfusion deficits

Question 33

In terms of cholesterol, women generally have higher ________ levels.

Answer 33

HDL

Question 34

As triglyceride levels rise, ______ usually falls.

Answer 34

HDL

Question 35

Ejection fraction usually ________ during exercise.

Answer 35

increases

Question 36

The body compensates for decreased diastolic filling time during exercise by _________.

Answer 36

increasing stroke volume

Question 37

What are the five criteria for metabolic syndrome, and how many do you need to qualify?

Answer 37

Increased BP (130/85), increased HDL (m 40; w 50), increased triglycerides (150), increased abdominal circumference (m 94 cm; w 84 cm), and increased blood glucose (100); three