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LA DX & TX I > Exam 2 - Ruminant Respiratory Toxins > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Ruminant Respiratory Toxins Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with perilla ketone toxicity?

A

acute death, dyspnea, wheezing, frothing at the mouth, expiratory grunt

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2
Q

what diagnostics are used for perilla ketone toxicity?

A

history, evidence of exposure - could be in the hay

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3
Q

what is the treatment for perilla ketone toxicity?

A

none

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4
Q

how is perilla ketone toxicity prevented?

A

provide other forage so they don’t eat

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5
Q

what months are there higher toxicities of perilla ketone?

A

august to october

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6
Q

what effects are seen with pyrrolizidine alkaloids? common offenders?

A

hepatotoxic effects before pneumotoxins

common offenders - crotalaria, trichoderma, & senecio

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7
Q

what toxic gases are most common toxic exposures for cows?

A

ammonia, hydrogen sulfate, CO2, & methane

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8
Q

T/F: toxic gases can occur at low-level chronic exposure or acute severe outbreaks

A

true

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9
Q

what is another name for hypersensitivity pneumonias?

A

extrinsic allergic alveolitis

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10
Q

what is the etiology of extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

allergic respiratory disease due to inhalation of organic dusts

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11
Q

what animals are typically affected by extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

adult dairy cows - more so than beef

confined animals

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12
Q

what are the clinical signs of extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

fever, anorexia, dullness, hypogalactia, tachypnea, dyspnea, coughing, crackles

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13
Q

what diagnostics are used for extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

serum antibodies - only show exposure

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14
Q

what is the treatment for extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

remove offending agent & corticosteroids

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15
Q

how is extrinsic allergic alveolitis prevented?

A

make silage instead of moldy hay or feed outside

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16
Q

what is the etiology of fibrosing alveolitis? what does it cause?

A

unknown - possibly chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis

chronic pneumonia

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17
Q

what is the etiology of bronchiolitis obliterans? what does it cause?

A

unknown - chronic respiratory disease in yearly/young adult cows

chronic pneumonia

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18
Q

what clinical signs are seen with bronchiolitis obliterans?

A

deep infrequent cough, tachypnea, hyperpnea, exaggerated expiratory effort

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19
Q

T/F: parasitic pneumonia is rare in cattle

A

true

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20
Q

what animals are affected by lungworms?

A

dictyocaulus viviparus - young animals

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21
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with lung worms?

A

respiratory signs

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22
Q

how are lung worms diagnosed?

A

larvae in feces

baermann test

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23
Q

how are lung worms diagnosed?

A

larvae in feces

baermann test

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24
Q

how are lung worms prevented?

A

anthelmintics

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25
what is the most common respiratory parasite in sheep & goats? how is it prevented?
muellerius capillaris avoid overly wet pastures
26
what happens if there is a large infestation of ascaris suum? how is it treated?
may cause pneumonia corticosteroids, antibiotics, oxyfenbendazole
27
what parasite migrates through the lungs with little impact on pulmonary function?
toxocara vitulorum
28
what agent causes ovine progressive pneumonia?
maedi visna - non-oncogenic exogenous retrovirus, lentivirus
29
what animals are affected by ovine progressive pneumonia?
adult sheep
30
what are the clinical signs associated with ovine progressive pneumonia?
chronic pneumonia, mastitis, emaciation, tachypnea, flared nostrils, open mouth breathing, head/neck extended, can show CNS signs
31
what diagnostics are used for ovine progressive pneumonia?
presumptive based on history and CS, serology (false positive common), virus detection (not commonly utilized)
32
what is the treatment used for ovine progressive pneumonia?
none
33
how is ovine progressive pneumonia prevented?
difficult!!! biosecurity, culling, & isolate the infected
34
what agent is a persistent lentiviral infection of goats?
caprine arthritis & encephalitis
35
what clinical signs are associated with caprine arthritis & encephalitis?
kids with leukoencephalomyelitis adults with arthritis or mastitis any age severe chronic pneumonia
36
what are the diagnostics, prevention, & treatment for caprine arthritis & encephalitis?
presumptive based on history and CS, serology (false positive common), virus detection (not commonly utilized) no treatment difficult - biosecurity, culling, & isolating the infected
37
what is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis?
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
38
what is caseous lymphadenitis?
chronic disease of sheep & goats causing pyogranulomatous abscessation of lymph nodes & internal organs if pulmonary lymph nodes are involved - respiratory signs
39
what diagnostics are used for caseous lymphadenitis?
ultrasound & rads to identify abscesses, ELISA synergistic hemolysis inhibition reliable for herd level testing
40
what is the treatment for caseous lymphadenitis?
if pulmonary - hard to lance the abscesses to drain, so use antibiotics maybe cull
41
what is the pathogenesis of aspiration pneumonia?
inhaling large amounts of foreign material (typically liquid) which leads to pneumonia
42
what are the clinical signs of aspiration pneumonia?
acute death, dullness, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, fever, crackles, wheezes
43
how is aspiration pneumonia treated?
long term antibiotics & nsaids
44
what is the prognosis for aspiration pneumonia?
guarded
45
how is aspiration pneumonia prevented?
carefully administer meds!!
46
T/F: mycotic pneumonia is rare
true
47
what other disease processes can occur simultaneously with mycotic pneumonia?
metritis or placentitis
48
what are the clinical signs associated with mycotic pneumonia?
poor response to antibiotics, and respiratory signs
49
what diagnostics are used for mycotic pneumonia?
TTW, BAL, radiographs, postmortem fungal culture
50
what is the treatment used for mycotic pneumonia?
antifungals - expensive potassium iodide
51
what is the prognosis of mycotic pneumonia?
guarded to poor
52
what is the etiology of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
multifocal abscessation of lungs caused by septic thromboembolism of pulmonary arteries liver abscesses secondary to rumenitis
53
what age of animals are typical affected by vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
1 year olds
54
what is the pathogenesis of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
emboli result in pulmonary hypertension, rupture of walls, blood in airways
55
what are the clinical signs of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
coughing blood, epistaxis, pale mm, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, murmurs, acute death
56
what diagnostics are used for vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
anemia neutrophilia with regenerative left shift hepatic analytes increased radiographs with irregular lung density
57
what treatment is used for vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
long term antibiotics, furosemide, nsaids, steroids, & supportive care
58
what is the prognosis of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
grave
59
how is vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia prevented?
prevent the primary cause - rumenitis & liver abscesses
60
what is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
mycobacterium tuberculosis zoonotic - almost eradicated, still a problem in underdeveloped countries
61
what age of animals are typically affected by tuberculosis?
adults
62
what are the clinical signs of tuberculosis?
rarely exhibited, typically non-specific (weight loss, anorexia, fever), soft cough, enlarged LN
63
how is tuberculosis diagnosed?
tuberculin skin test, necropsy, mycobacterial culture, & PCR
64
what is the treatment used for tuberculosis?
none pursued
65
how is tuberculosis prevented?
eradication program, test & cull, & bio-exclusion
66
what is the etiology of pleuritis/pleural effusions?
primary cause - bronchopneumonia other thoracic cavity diseases
67
what are the clinical signs of pleuritis/pleural effusions?
septic pleuritis is painful - others depend on the primary cause
68
what diagnostics are used for pleuritis/pleural effusions?
cbc/chem, thoracocentesis for cytology & culture, TTW
69
what is the treatment used for pleuritis/pleural effusions?
treat the primary problem, drain fluid, antibiotics, nsaids
70
T/F: pneumothorax is common in large animals
false - uncommon
71
what is the pathogenesis of pneumothorax?
typically occurs if emphysematous bullae ruptures, pharyngeal/laryngeal trauma, thoracic cavity trauma – can be unilateral due to complete mediastinum
72
what are the clinical signs associated with pneumothorax?
inspiratory dyspnea, anxiety, abdominal breathing, cyanosis
73
what diagnostics are used for pneumothorax?
rads, thoracic ultrasound, thoracocentesis
74
what is the treatment for pneumothorax?
remove the air & treat the primary cause
75
what signs are seen in pleural mesothelioma?
pleural effusion & fluid accumulation
76
what are the clinical signs of diaphragmatic hernias?
abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing/regurgitation, asymmetric lung sounds, GI symptoms most common (bloat, diarrhea, hypomotility)
77
how is diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed?
rads, barium study, TRP diagnostics, necropsy
78
what is the treatment for diaphragmatic hernias?
surgical correction

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

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