Exam 2 study Guide

Question 1

Form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs.

Answer 1

Support a main function of bone.

Question 2

Provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord and vital organs.

Answer 2

Protection a main function of bone.

Question 3

Provides levers for muscles.

Answer 3

Movement a main function of bone.

Question 4

Reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.

Answer 4

Storage a main function of bone.

Question 5

Hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones.

Answer 5

Blood Cell Production a main function of bone.

Question 6

Function is to develop into osteoblasts. Found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow.

Answer 6

Osteogenic Cells

Question 7

Main function involves bone formation. Found in the growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum.

Answer 7

Osteoblasts

Question 8

Function is for bone resorption. Found on bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone.q

Answer 8

Osteoclasts

Question 9

Function is to maintain mineral concentration of matrix. Found entrapped in the matrix of the bone.

Answer 9

Osteocytes

Question 10

Open pockets where osteocytes reside.

Answer 10

Lacunae

Question 11

Concentric rings of calcified matrix.

Answer 11

Lamellae

Question 12

Contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels.

Answer 12

Central/Haversian Canal

Question 13

Small channels that connect connecting lacunae allowing nutrients and wastes to move.

Answer 13

Canaliculi

Question 14

The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Filled with yellow marrow, compact bone shell.

Answer 14

Diaphysis

Question 15

The wider section at the ends of the bone. Spongy bone covered by compact bone. Enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments.

Answer 15

Epiphysis

Question 16

Acts like a shock absorber and reduces friction.

Answer 16

Articular Cartilage

Question 17

The outer layer of collagen.

Answer 17

Periosteum

Question 18

Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity.

Answer 18

Endosteum

Question 19

Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow.

Answer 19

Medullary Canal

Question 20

Plates of bones sandwiched between connective tissue membranes. Contains no shaft or epiphyses. Bone marrow throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity. Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces.

Answer 20

Structure of the flat bone

Question 21

It appears poorly organized and resists massive forces, yet it is lightweight

Answer 21

Spongy Bone

Question 22

Aligns along lines of stress to help resist it. Contains no osteons. Contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi. Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients.

Answer 22

Trabeculae

Question 23

Bone formation between the flats bone of the skull.

Answer 23

Intramembranous Ossification

Question 24

Bone formation that from an existing area of hyaline cartilage in long and short bones. Such as the growth plate of the bone.

Answer 24

Endochondral Ossification

Question 25

Triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates, resulting in the increasing length of bones. Increases calcium retention, which enhances mineralization, and stimulates osteoblastic activity, which improves bone density.

Answer 25

Growth Hormones

Question 26

Promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix.

Answer 26

Thyroid Hormone- Thyroxine

Question 27

A negative feedback loop. Receptor- The parathyroid gland detects low calcium Integrator: parathyroid hormone is secreted into the blood stream Effector: Osteoclast cells break down the bone by releasing minerals into blood.

Answer 27

Parathyroid Hormone Feed back loop

Question 28

Negative Feed-back loop. Receptor: Thyroid gland calcium levels are too high. Integrator: Thyroid gland produces calcitonin that stimulates osteoblasts. Effector: Osteoblast cells absorb calcium from the blood and deposit it into the bone.

Answer 28

Calcitonin Feed back loop

Question 29

Is needed to make calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, which form the hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its hardness.

Answer 29

Calcium

Question 30

Is needed for the absorption of calcium. No vitamin D, no calcium absorption.

Answer 30

Vitamin D

Question 31

Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone.

Answer 31

Transverse Fracture

Question 32

Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees.

Answer 32

Oblique Fracture

Question 33

bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion.

Answer 33

Spiral Fracture

Question 34

Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments.

Answer 34

Comminuted Fracture

Question 35

One fragment is driven into the other, usually as the result of a compression.

Answer 35

Impacted Fracture

Question 36

A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken.

Answer 36

Greenstick Fracture

Question 37

A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection.

Answer 37

Open/Compound Fracture

Question 38

A fracture in which the skin remains intact.

Answer 38

Closed/Simple Fracture

Question 39

The study of joints.

Answer 39

Arthrology

Question 40

The study of musculoskeletal movement.

Answer 40

Kinesiology

Question 41

The site where two or more bones meet. Function of joints include skeleton mobility and holds skeleton together.

Answer 41

Articulations

Question 42

Freely movable joints, that can be one (forward or backwards Knee) axis of movement or three (forward backwards, side to side shoulder).

Answer 42

Diarthrosis

Question 43

Moves a little, range of motion is limited, wiggles, or glide past another.

Answer 43

Amphiarthrosis

Question 44

There is no movement (forearm bones, sutures in the skull) tight positioning. Holds bone in specific position.

Answer 44

Synarthrosis

Question 45

Made up of a collagen mesh, ex dense connective tissue that holds the bones together.

Answer 45

Fibrous

Question 46

Two types of cartilage either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

Answer 46

Cartilaginous

Question 47

Attach in unique ways, 1) a joint capsule made of collagen. 2) Inside the joint capsule you have synovial fluid to help ease the movement. 3) Hyaline cartilage at the end of every long bone. Helps pad the epiphysis.

Answer 47

Synovial

Question 48

Location between the flat bones of the skull. Structural class is fibrous. Functional class does not move, synarthrosis.

Answer 48

Suture Joints

Question 49

Location between the radius and the ulna and another found between the tibia and fibula. Structural class fibrous connection joins the bone at the diaphysis (shaft of two bones). Functional class synarthrosis does not move.

Answer 49

Syndesmosis

Question 50

Location is a tooth in socket. Structural class is fibrous connected by periodontal ligaments. Functional class synarthrosis does not move.

Answer 50

Gomphosis

Question 51

Location is at the growth plate, ribs to sternum. Structural class is hyaline cartilage cartilaginous. Functional class is synarthrosis non moveable.

Answer 51

Synchondrosis

Question 52

Location is between coxal bones hips, intervertebral disks. Structural class includes cartilaginous fibrocartilage. Functional class is amphiarthrosis moves a little.

Answer 52

Symphysis joint

Question 53

Location is elbow, shoulder, knee, hip, ankle, wrist. Structural class synovial has capsule, cartilage, and fluid. Functional class is diarthrotic freely moveable.

Answer 53

Synovial joint

Question 54

Slipping movements only.

Answer 54

Non-axial joint

Question 55

Movement in one place.

Answer 55

Uniaxial/Monoaxial joint

Question 56

Movement in two planes.

Answer 56

Biaxial joint

Question 57

Movement in or around all three planes.

Answer 57

Multiaxial joint

Question 58

Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other. Intercarsal or intertarsals. Non axial joint and considered amphiarthroses.

Answer 58

Gliding or Plane Joints

Question 59

One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone. Examples ulna and humerus at the elbow joint, femur and tibia at knee joint, phalangeal joints. It is uniaxial and diarthrosis.

Answer 59

Hinge Joint

Question 60

One bone has a projection that fits into a ring-like ligament of another. First the bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other. Atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas), proximal radioulnar joints allow the radius during pronation and supination. It is uniaxial/ monoaxial and diarthrosis.

Answer 60

Pivot Joint

Question 61

Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next. Radiocarpal joint of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers. Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, convex in one direction and convex in the other. Trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb and is a biaxial joint and diarthrosis.

Answer 61

Condylar and Saddle Joints

Question 62

Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression. The head of humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of scapula. Head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the hip bone. It is a multiaxial joint and diarthrosis.

Answer 62

Ball and Socket Joints

Question 63

Decreases the angle of a joint, forming fist, bicep curl.

Answer 63

Flexion

Question 64

Straightens and returns to the anatomical position.

Answer 64

Extension

Question 65

Extension beyond 180 degrees, not normal bad.

Answer 65

Hypertension

Question 66

The movement of a part of the body away from the midline.

Answer 66

Abduction

Question 67

Movement of a body part towards the midline.

Answer 67

Adduction

Question 68

Is movement in which one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.

Answer 68

Circumduction

Question 69

Movement on longitudinal axis, rotation of trunk, thigh, head or arm.

Answer 69

Rotation

Question 70

Turns the bone inward.

Answer 70

Medical Rotation

Question 71

Turns the bone outward.

Answer 71

Lateral Rotation

Question 72

A movement that raises a bone vertically, example mandibles are above higher during biting and clavicles during a shoulder shrug.

Answer 72

Elevation

Question 73

A lowering of the mandible or the shoulders.

Answer 73

Depression

Question 74

Is movement anteriorly on horizontal plane example, thrusting the jaw forward, shoulders or pelvis moving forward.

Answer 74

Protraction

Question 75

Movement that is towards the posterior.

Answer 75

Retraction

Question 76

Rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward. Inversion and abduction of foot ex raising the medial edge of the foot.

Answer 76

Supination

Question 77

Rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear. Eversion and abduction of foot ex raising the lateral edge of the foot.

Answer 77

Pronation

Question 78

Occur when two flat surfaces glide over one another.

Answer 78

Gliding Movement

Question 79

Flexion and extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and abduction and adduction.

Answer 79

Angular Movement

Question 80

Rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction.

Answer 80

Circular Movement

Question 81

Elevation, depression protraction, retraction, excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion and eversion.

Answer 81

Special Movement