Ossification (bones)

Question 1

Cells that develop into osteoblasts. Found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow.

Answer 1

Osteogenic (stem cell)

Question 2

Cells: function is bone formation, location growing in portions of the bone, including periosteum and endosperm.

Answer 2

Osteoblasts (Forms bone formation)

Question 3

Cells function is to maintain mineral concentration of matrix. Location found in the matrix(entrapped)

Answer 3

Osteocytes (maintain bone tissue)

Question 4

Cells function is for bone resorption. Location found on bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone. Degrade the matrix/bone, cause bone breakdown.

Answer 4

Osteoclasts

Question 5

Protein collagen will bend but not stretch, provides flexible strength, proteoglycans.

Answer 5

organic matrix of the bone

Question 6

Minerals hydroxapatite calcium phosphate salt provides bearing strength. Minerals fluoride, potassium, magnesium.

Answer 6

Inorganic matrix of the bone

Question 7

Composed of blood vessels, nerves, central supply to the osteon with blood.

Answer 7

Haversian Canal

Question 8

Perforating: moves blood between osteons

Answer 8

Volkmann’s Canals

Question 9

The source of blood supply allowing smaller capillary beds to move from cell to cell. Small channels that connect connecting lacunae allowing nutrients and wastes to move.

Answer 9

Canaliculi

Question 10

Concentric rings of calcified matrix.

Answer 10

Lamellae

Question 11

Open pockets where osteocytes reside.

Answer 11

Lacunae

Question 12

Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Filled with yellow marrow, compact bone shell.

Answer 12

Diaphysis

Question 13

The wider section at the ends of the bone. Spongy bone covers by compact bone. Enlarged to strengthen joint and attach ligaments.

Answer 13

Epiphysis

Question 14

Acts like a shock absorber and reduces friction.

Answer 14

Articular cartilage

Question 15

Outer fibrous layer of collagen

Answer 15

Periosteum

Question 16

Plates of bone sandwiched between connective tissue membranes. No shaft or epiphyses. Bone marrow throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity. Hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces.

Answer 16

The structure of the Flat bone

Question 17

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane, mainly in bones of skull.

Answer 17

Intramembranous ossification

Question 18

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, long and short bone of skeleton.

Answer 18

Endochondral ossification

Question 19

The increase in length of long bones.

Answer 19

Interstitial growth

Question 20

The increase in length of bone thickness.

Answer 20

Appositional growth

Question 21

Triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates, resulting in the increasing length of long bones. Increases calcium retention, which enhances mineralization, and stimulates activity, which improves bone density.

Answer 21

Growth hormone

Question 22

Promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix.

Answer 22

Thyroid hormone- Thyroxine

Question 23

Needed to make calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, which form the hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its hardness.

Answer 23

Calcium

Question 24

Needed for calcium absorption.

Answer 24

Vitamin D

Question 25

Supports bone mineralization; may have synergistic effect with vitamin D.

Answer 25

Vitamin K

Question 26

Structural component of bone

Answer 26

Magnesium and Fluoride

Question 27

Reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function.

Answer 27

Omega-3 fatty acids

Question 28

Stimulates osteoclast proliferation and resorption of bone by osteoclasts; promotes. Reabsorption of calcium by kidney tubules; indirectly increases calcium absorption by small intestines.

Answer 28

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 29

Inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium uptake by bones.

Answer 29

Calcitonin

Question 30

Caused by trauma, car accident, fall, athletics, etc.

Answer 30

Stress fracture

Question 31

Bone is weekend by disease, bone cancer or osteoporosis

Answer 31

Pathological fracture

Question 32

Break in the skin, multiple pieces.

Answer 32

Fractures classified by structural characteristics

Question 33

Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone.

Answer 33

Transverse fracture

Question 34

Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees.

Answer 34

Oblique Fracture

Question 35

bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion.

Answer 35

Spiral Fracture

Question 36

Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments.

Answer 36

Comminuted fracture

Question 37

One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression.

Answer 37

Impacted fracture

Question 38

A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken.

Answer 38

Greenstick

Question 39

A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk for infection.

Answer 39

Open or compound fracture

Question 40

A fracture in which the skin remains intact.

Answer 40

Closed or simple fracture.

Question 41

Torn blood vessels lose blood at the damaged site. A mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site about 6-8 hours after damage. Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed.

Answer 41

Step 1 in healing fractures, Hematoma.

Question 42

Within about 48 hours of damage, chondrocytes from endosperm secrete fibrocartilaginous matrix to the internal callus. Osteoblasts and periosteal chondrocytes produce cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies to stabilize the damaged site external callus.

Answer 42

Step 2 in healing fractures, Soft Callus.

Question 43

The fibers and cartilage of the internal and external calluses are ossified to produce bony callus composed of trabelculae. The spongy bone formation in the callus is usually 4-6 weeks after the injury.

Answer 43

Step 3 in healing fractures, Hard Callus

Question 44

Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed. Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls. The remodeling process may take more than a year to complete.

Answer 44

Step 4 in healing fractures, Remodeling.

Question 45

Vitamin D deficiency

Answer 45

Rickets

Question 46

Irregular thickening and softening of skull bones

Answer 46

Padget's disease

Question 47

Inflammation of backbone caused by TB

Answer 47

Pott's Disease

Question 48

Soft, weak bones that are demineralized

Answer 48

Osteomalacia

Question 49

Bone resorption outpaces deposit. Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible. Vertebral and hip fractures are common.

Answer 49

Osteoporosis

Question 50

Indicates that the bone is stronger than normal

Answer 50

Positive T score

Question 51

Indicates that the bone is weaker than normal.

Answer 51

Negative T score

Question 52

Can confirm a diagnosis of osteoporosis if you have already had a bone fracture. Predict your chances of fracturing a bone in the future. Determine your rate of bone loss, see if treatment is working.

Answer 52

Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing.