Exam 2 Study Guide Questions Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
A
atlas
2
Q
What features are lacking at C1? (4)
A
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process, and the intervertebral disc
3
Q
What is though to represent the pedicle at C1?
A
the anterior arch
4
Q
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
A
longus colli
5
Q
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
A
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
6
Q
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
A
the fovea dentis
7
Q
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
8
Q
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
9
Q
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
A
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
10
Q
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
A
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
11
Q
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
A
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
12
Q
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
A
backward, medial, downward, (BMD)
13
Q
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
A
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
14
Q
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
A
levator scapula, splenius cervicis, and rectus capitis anterior
15
Q
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
A
posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
16
Q
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
A
males: about fifty millimeters
females: about thirty-seven millimeters
17
Q
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
A
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
18
Q
What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?
A
groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
19
Q
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
A
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
20
Q
What are the attachment sites of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
A
it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas, to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas and to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone
21
Q
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
A
about age 7 years
22
Q
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
A
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
23
Q
What are the names given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
A
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
24
Q
Ponticulus posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?
A
all ethnic populations studied thus far
25
What joint classification(s) may be observed on the posterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
26
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
27
What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
28
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, and intertransversarii muscles
29
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
30
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
31
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
32
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
retrotransverse foramen
33
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
34
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters
females: 72 millimeters
35
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
36
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
37
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
five
38
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets, and the fovea dentis
39
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
40
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
41
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
five
42
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
43
Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
44
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
45
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
46
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
47
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
48
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
ten
49
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
50
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
51
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
the superior articular process
52
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
53
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
the are asymmetrical and slightly convex
54
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facets of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
55
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
56
What is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
57
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
58
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: fifty-seven millimeters
females: about fifty millimeters
59
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and tertransversarii
60
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis muscles
61
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
62
What name is only given to C7?
vertebra prominens
63
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebraw other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
64
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
65
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
66
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
67
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
68
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
69
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
70
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and multifidis
71
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators, and interspinalis
72
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
73
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than woman
74
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
75
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
76
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
77
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
78
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
79
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
80
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal cord?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longtudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
81
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL)
C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
82
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD)
C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)
C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMeD)
83
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
C1 = five, C2 = eight, C3-6 = eight, C7 = six
84
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
C1 = none, C2 = ten, C3-6 = ten, C7 = eight
85
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process, and spinous process
86
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
the aortic impression
87
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
88
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two millimeters
89
What is the height pattern of intervertebral discs in the typical thoracic region?
the intervertebral discs are rather planar or flat with no apparent height difference between anterior and posterior heights
90
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height difference
91
In terms of anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?
posterior
92
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
a kyphotic curve
93
What joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
94
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
95
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
two
96
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costcentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
97
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten (fourteen if the costcentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
98
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
99
What is the relationship between the vertebral body surface and the rib head surface in the costocentral joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costal demi-facet of the vertebral body will joint with the inferior articular surface of the head of the rib
the inferior costal demi-facet of the vertebral body will joint with the superior articular surface of the head of the rib
100
Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
the superior costal demi-facet
101
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
102
What does the costocentral intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the head of the rib and the intervertebral disc
103
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface
104
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2 or T3?
the longus colli
105
What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
106
What is the angulation of the pedicle in the typical thoracic region?
ten to fifteen degrees posterolateral from the sagittal plane
107
Which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
the lateral view
108
Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to be prominent?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
109
What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
shingling
110
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen in the typical thoracic region?
oval to circular
111
In which plane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter
112
What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?
the transverse costal facet
113
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
114
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
115
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis
semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis
multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii
levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
116
How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?
at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular process of that vertebra
117
What is the angulation of the articular facet of a typical thoracic?
about ten to twenty degrees from the coronal plane; sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
118
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
119
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
120
How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?
ten
121
How many synovial joint surfaces for ribs are present on a typical thoracic?
six
122
What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?
the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
123
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis
spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
124
What muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the true back?
Layer one: trapezius and latissmus dorsi
Layer two: rhomboids and levator scapulae
Layer three: serratus posterior
Layer four: erector spinae
Layer five: transverseospinalis
