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Pathology I > Exam 2 Terminology > Flashcards

Exam 2 Terminology Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Define effusion

A

An escape of fluid into tissues or a structure

E.g. movement of fluids from BV into tissue spaces or compartments

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2
Q

Define transudate

A

Ultrafiltrate of blood — a protein-poor fluid consisting of water and electrolytes

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3
Q

Define exudate

A

Protein-containing fluids that result from permeable vessels

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4
Q

Define ascites

A

Excess peritoneal fluids. AKA “Hydroperitoneum”

Cause: chronic liver disease

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5
Q

Define hydrothorax

A

Pleural effusion

Cause: “left side” heart failure

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6
Q

Define anasarca

A

Severe generalized edema

Causes incl: chronic congestive heart failure and renal disease

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7
Q

Define “pitting” edema

A

Subcutaneous edema: applying pressure to the skin drives fluid out and, upon pressure removal, leaves a thumb print dimple

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8
Q

Define dependent edema

A

Fluids collect in “dependent region” of body

E.g. ankle edema

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9
Q

Define hyperemia

A

Localized excess of blood, engoregment

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10
Q

Define “active” hyperemia

A

Physiologic (vasomotor) responses that contribute to increased arterial flow

Causes include: exercise, acute inflammation, temperature regulation, cutaneous blushing and responses to temp interruption of blood supply

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11
Q

Define “passive” hyperemia

A

Associated with restricted venous drainage and decreased outflow of blood from affected region. AKA congestion.

Causes: heart failure, venous obstruction, etc.

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12
Q

Define hemorrhage

A

Discharge of blood from vessels into surrounding tissues. AKA extravasation of blood

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13
Q

Define vasculitis

A

Inflammation of BV due to infection or hypersensitivity

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14
Q

Define petechiae

A

Small, pin-point hemorrhages

1-2 mm

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15
Q

Define purpura

A

Slightly larger hemorrhagic patches

3-5 mm

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16
Q

Define ecchymosis

A

Larger hemorrhagic patches (bruise)

1-2 cm or larger

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17
Q

Define hematoma

A

Collection of blood

Blood accumulates in tissues and creates a “mass” and sometimes adjacent structures are compressed

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18
Q

What are hemoperitoneum, hemothorax, hemopericardium

A

Bleeding into cavities

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19
Q

Define hemarthrosis

A

Bleeding into joint space

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20
Q

Define hemoptysis

A

Respiratory bleeding

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21
Q

Define hematemesis

A

Bloody vomit

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22
Q

Define melena

A

Dark stool due to degraded blood pigment

Cause: Bleeding in upper-mid GI tract

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23
Q

Define heatochezia

A

“Bright blood” present in stool

Cause: Bleeding in lower colon, rectum and anal regions

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24
Q

What causes dark blood stool and what causes bright blood stool?

A 
Dark = melena
Bright = hematochezia
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25
What are thrombi and emboli
Common causes of vascular obstruction
26
Define hemostasis
Closely regulated processes that maint blood in fluid state under normal conditions and provide rapid formation of localized hemostatic plugs at sites of vascular injury
27
Define thrombosis
Pathological process that leads to formation of thrombi within the lumen of BC or heart chambers in a living organism E.g. arterial thrombosis and venous thrombosis and DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
28
Define blood clothes
Coagulation of blood “everywhere else” NOT arteries or veins
29
Platelets are also called
Thrombocytes
30
Define infarcts
Disruption of blood supply leads to hypoxia and death of affected tissue
31
Types of infarcts
Red & White
32
What is red infarct?
Hemorrhagic: blood seeps into infarct site as BV break down E.g. venous obstruction
33
What is white infarct?
Common in arterial obstruction of solid organs. AKA anemic or pale infarct E.g. heart, kidney, spleen
34
Define shock
Inadequate perfusion of tissues by blood
35
Define hypovolemic shock
Fluid loss Causes: dehydration
36
Define cardiogenic shock
Heart fails as a pump Cause: fibrillation, valve rupture, cardiac tamponade, large pulmonary embolus
37
Define peripheral pooling shock
Loss of vasomotor tone (vasodilation) and pooling of blood (venous return drops and diminishes CO)
38
3 types of peripheral pooling shock:
Neurogenic Septic Anaphylactic
39
Define neurogenic shock
Distributive shock following severe pain, “deep anesthesia,” brain or cord trauma
41
Define vasovagal syncope
Fainting, associated with neurogenic peripheral pooling shock
42
Define septic shock
Associated with Endotoxin producing bacterial infections (G-organisms)
43
Define anaphylactic shock
Antibodies (Ig) are formed that react with antigen during sensitization. IgE are affixed to mast cells which causes release of histamine and other reactive agents when re-exposed to sensitizing antigen
44
Define neoplasm
“New growth” — abnormal mass of cells produced by excessive growth of new tissue
45
Define tumor
“Swelling” — term used in reference to neoplasms usually E.g. benign and malignant tumors
46
Define “oncos”
Tumor
47
Define oncology
A study of the science of neoplasms including etiology and pathogenesis
48
Define “kancrum”
Crab Due to irregular shape
49
Define hamartoma
Benign tumor-like mass consisting of an overgrowth of differentiated cells and tissues that are normally present in the affected location
50
Define sarcoma
Malignant tumors of mesenchymal (supporting) tissues
51
“Sarco” is Greek for
Flesh
52
Define teratoma
Derived from germ cells or other cells and consists of mixed tissue types derived from any or all of the embryonic germ layers
53
Define pluripotentials
Stem-cell
54
Totipotential vs pleuripotential origin
Totipotential: give rise to mixture of tissues from any or all of the embryonic germ layers Pleuripotential: give rise to more than one neoplasticism cell type derived from a single embryonic germ cell layer or precursor (stem) cell
55
Define benign
“Well differentiated” tumors. Slow growth
56
Do benign tumors metastasize?
No
57
Define malignant tumor
Cells that differ from parent tissue morphologically and functionally
58
Define metastases
Development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
59
Common secondary malignant growth centers
Lymph nodes, organs, skeleton
60
There are biochemical changes in malignant tumor cells but no _____________ for cancer demonstrated
Specific “hallmark”
61
Uncommon sites (2) for metastasis?
Spleen and striated muscle
62
Types of osseous metastasis (2)
Osteopathic (radiolucent) and osteoblastic (sclerotic)
63
What kind of osseous metastasis is seen in skeletal matastases of prostate cancer and 30% breast cancer?
osteoplastic
64
Most “popular” types of cancer for males/females?
Prostate / breast Lung *same Lower GI *same
65
Most deadly types of cancer for males/females?
Lung Prostate/breast Lower GI
66
Environmental factors implicated in what % of cancer?
80-90%
67
Define leukoplakia
White plaques
68
Define strophic gastritis
Mucosal atrophy
69
Define carcinogenesis
Molecular basis of cancer
70
What is cell cycle time?
Time required for progression of cells from one mitotic cycle to the next
71
What is growth fraction (GF)?
Proportion of mitotically active cells
72
Define doubling times
The time required to double the “tumor volume”
73
Define polycyclic
Aromatic
74
What are polycyclic hydrocarbons
Coal tars, combustion products E.g. soot, cigarette smoke products, broiled or charred food
75
Where are azo dyes and aromatic amines found?
Food chemicals
76
Aflatoxin is derived form
Aspergillosis flavus Found in mold growth in warm, humid areas
77
What are nitrosamines?
Potent carcinogenicity demonstrated in animals E.g. nitrites and nitrates form nitrosamines
78
What are alkylating agents?
Directly mutagenic
79
Describe DNA virus actions
Disruption of tumor suppressor gene function
80
Describe RNA virus actions
Transforming genes of retroviruses give rise to oncogenes

Pathology I (10 decks)

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