Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Exam 2 Test > Flashcards

Exam 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The movement of the water portion of plasma across either the capillary or cell membranes from high concentration to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The movement of the particulate matter portion of plasma across either the capillary or cell membranes from high concentration to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the “passive process” of osmosis and diffusion?

A

Moves with the concentration gradient with requires no external energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the “dynamic equilibrium” of osmosis and diffusion?

A

Continually moves with the concentration gradient until reaching equality on both sides of the membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is osmosis and diffusion fast or slow over short distances?

A

Fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is osmosis and diffusion dependent on?

A

Dependent upon temperature, size of the concentration gradient, and size of the particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Molarity?

A

Purified compound in some volume of water (mol/L = Moles per Liter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Osmolality?

A
  • Quantity of a particulate matter dissolved in the water portion of plasma
  • Measured in Milliosmoles (mOsm)
  • Range is 270-290 mOsm (286 mOsm is gold standard)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Equivalents?

A
  • Modality X ion charge
  • Milliequivalents (mEg/L)
  • mEg/L is used to measure individual ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 Fluid Compartments?

A
  1. Capillary Space: Represents Circulation
  2. Interstitial Space: Represents area BETWEEN the cells
  3. Intracellular Space: Represents area INSIDE the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Capillary Membrane Rule?

A

Capillary membrane allows all things to pass through except large proteins called ALBUMIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Albumin attracts water from ________ space filling up the ______ space, creating the normal blood pressure in circulation

A

Interstitial ; Capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. Increase Albumin = ?
  2. Decrease Albumin = ?
A
  1. Increase Blood Pressure
  2. Decrease Blood Pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Cell Membrane Rule?

A

Does not allow all things to pass through except for water and sometimes Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compare and Contrast the Capillary and Interstitial Compartments

A
  1. Equality with osmolality (both 286 mOsm)
  2. Capillary space contains Albumin which attracts water setting the blood pressure
  3. The ions of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- are identical/nearly identical between the 2 compartments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Compare and Contrast the Intracellular Space to the Interstitial and Capillary Spaces

A
  1. Equality with osmolality (all 3 compartments have 286 mOsm)
  2. The ions of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl- are very different in concentration allowing us to separate ions to build the biological battery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 components of Freshwater Drowning?

A
  1. Freshwater enters the lung capillaries and causes a severe hypoosmotic condition in the capillary space
  2. Osmosis occurs between the capillary and interstitial space causing a severe hypoosmotic condition in the interstitial space
  3. Osmosis occurs between the interstitial and intracellular space causing a severe hypoosmotic condition in the intracellular space
  4. Cell Lysis: The cell fills up with water and increases pressure beyond the cell’s membrane capacity and ruptures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 components of Saltwater Drowning?

A
  1. Saltwater enters the lung capillaries and causes a severe hyperosmotic condition in the capillary space
  2. Diffusion of Na+ occurs between the capillary and interstitial spaces causing a severe hyperosmotic condition in the interstitial space
  3. Osmosis occurs between the intracellular and ECF spaces causing a severe hyperosmotic condition in the intracellular space
  4. Cell Creation: The excess water in the cell exits the cell trying to reach dynamic equilibrium with the ECF causing the cell to shrink
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 components of Kwashiorkor Disease?

A
  1. Severe protein malnutrition reduces the production of albumin proteins causing a reduction of albumin in the capillary space which then creates a slight hypoosmotic condition in the capillary space
  2. Osmosis occurs between the capillary and interstitial spaces causing a slight hypoosmotic condition in the interstitial space
  3. Osmosis occurs between the interstitial and intracellular space causing a slight hypoosmotic condition in the intracellular space
  4. Vascular collapse: The water exits the capillary space over time reducing the plasma portion of blood leading to vascular collapse when severe enough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 Major Categories of Protein Structures in the Membranes?

A
  1. Extrinsic, Peripheral, Associated Proteins
  2. Intrinsic, Transmembrane, Integral Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Extrinsic, Peripheral, Associated Proteins of Protein Structures in the Membranes are characterized by….?

A

Sticking only part way into the phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Intrinsic, Transmembrane, Integral Proteins of Protein Structures in the Membranes are characterized by…?

A

Going all the way through the membrane

23
Q

What are the 2 categories for Channel Transport Proteins?

A
  1. Open Pore Channels: Have no barriers/gates and does not change its shape (K+ and Na+ leak channels)
  2. Gated Channels
24
Q

What are the 3 types of Gated Channels?

A
  1. Voltage Gated Channels (VGC’s): Change in electricity opens the gates for these channels allowing transport
  2. Ligand Gated Channels: Chemicals/Neurotransmitters that bind to the channel opening the gates allowing transport
  3. Mechanical Gated Channel: Physical disfigurement of the channel opens the gates allowing transport
25
Q

What are the characteristics of channels?

A
  1. Fast transport
  2. Low security
  3. Passive
  4. Active
  5. Transport Direction
26
Q

What are the characteristics of carrier transport proteins?

A
  1. Slow transport
  2. High security
  3. Passive
  4. Active
  5. Transport Direction
27
Q

What are Carrier Transport Proteins?

A

They must undergo a conformational change to allow transport (must physically change shape to transport)

28
Q

What is Resting Membrane Potential?

A

The negative electric potential inside the cell which is stable, constant, unchanging condition (Electric Stability)

29
Q

What is the Threshold?

A

The minimum value of electricity needed to cause depolarization which is the generation of electricity

30
Q

What is the Trigger Zone?

A

The distance electrically from RMP until reaching threshold

31
Q

What is Depolarization?

A

The generation of electricity by the reversal of polarity

32
Q

What is Repolarization?

A

The returning/resetting of electric potential (RMP)

33
Q

What is Hyperpolarization?

A

A purposeful delay when electric potential is extended below RMP until it eventually reaches RMP again allowing time for all cellular events to return back to normal to control skeletal muscle contraction

34
Q

What is Absolute Refractory Period?

A

A time in which no other depolarization can take place

35
Q

What is Relative Refractory Period?

A

A time in which the gated channels that control depolarization are now closed and can reopen causing a new depolarization, but it will require a stronger stimulus

36
Q

What are Cellular Events for Action Potential Diagrams?

A

These are the channels and carriers responsible for creating the change in intracellular electrical potential over time in excitable tissue

37
Q

What are Action Potential Diagrams?

A

These diagrams are graphic representations of the terms and cellular events that take place when the intracellular electricity changes over time in excitable tissue

38
Q

What is the 1st part of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

The carrier starts in a normal relaxed shape facing the intracellular side and has 3 Na+ binding sites exposed and quickly binds 3 Na+

39
Q

What is the 2nd part of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

The enzyme breaks ATP into ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate/PO43-) releasing energy causing the carrier to change its shape transporting and quickly releasing the 3 Na+ to the interstitial side

40
Q

What is the 3rd part of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

When the carrier releases Na+ and is facing the interstitial side, it has 2 K+binding sites exposed and quickly binds 2 K+

41
Q

What is the 4th part of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

The Pi leaves causing the carrier to change back to its original relaxed normal position transporting and quickly releases the 2 K+ to the intracellular side

42
Q

What is the 5th part of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

The carrier creates and maintains a physical concentration gradient of high Na+ on the outside of the cell and high K+ on the inside of the cell which is stored energy

43
Q

What is the 6th part of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

The carrier creates and maintains an electrical concentration gradient by pumping 3 positive charges out making the outside of cells positive electric potential and pumping 2 positive charges in making the inside of cells negative electric potential creating the biological battery

44
Q

What is the Walter Nernst equation?

A

E(ion)= -61 x 10g (Ion Inside)/(Ion Outside)

45
Q

What is Na+ contribution to electric potential and how does it effect RMP?

A

Na+ creates and maintains the + electrical potential (+ pole of battery) located on the outside of cells
(Small, normal everyday changes in Na^+ have no effect on RMP)

46
Q

What is K+ contribution to electric potential and how does it effect RMP?

A

K+ creates and maintains the – electrical potential (– pole of battery) located on the inside of the cells known as resting membrane potential

47
Q

Increase ______, K+ RMP rises closer to _______, increase ______

A

Extracellular, Threshold, Electrical Activity

48
Q

When RMP rises above threshold _________?

A

All electrical activity stops

49
Q

What is the Class 1 Tachycardia Drug?

A
  • These are categorized as Na+ leak channel blockers
    -These drugs inhibit/block the Na+ leak channels responsible for the trigger zone in the SA Node and extend the trigger zone; over time to decrease HR
50
Q

What is the Class 3 Tachycardia Drug?

A
  • Categorized as K+ VGC blockers
  • These drugs inhibit/block the K+ VGC responsible for repolarization in the SA Node and extend repolarization in the SA Node and extend repolarization; over time decreases HR
51
Q

What is the Class 4 Tachycardia Drug?

A
  • Categorized as Ca2+ VGC
  • The drugs block/inhibit Ca2+ VGC responsible for depolarization in the SA Node and extend depolarization; over time decrease HR
52
Q

What is the Class 5 Tachycardia Drug?

A
  • Categorized as miscellaneous
  • Drug called Adenosine
    – Adenosine enhances/increases the amount of potassium that leaves the cell during repolarization causing/inducing hyperpolarization, decreasing HR
53
Q

What is the Class 2 Tachycardia Drug?

A
  • Categorized at Beta 1 Receptor Blockers
  • Beta 1 Receptors are located on both lungs and heart
    –These drugs work by blocking/inhibiting the Beta 1 Receptors on the heart and lungs allowing the parasympathetic nervous system to exert more control, decreasing HR
    — Drug called Atropine
    —- Atropine blocks/inhibits ACH receptors on both the heart and lungs allowing the sympathetic nervous system to extend more control raising the HR and respiration to near max for 3-5 minutes

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions