Exam 2 - Week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a range of shared public health issues that span the international border and necessitate binational collaboration to be effectively addressed?
A
border health
2
Q
Why was USMBHC created?
A
to provide international leadership to optimize health and quality of life along the United States-Mexico border.
3
Q
what kind of nation are the US and Mexico?
A
sovereign nations
4
Q
What is the formal definition of the US-Mexico Border region?
A
100 km or 62.5 miles north and south of the US-Mexico international boundary
5
Q
How many US states are in the US-Mexico Border region?
A
4
6
Q
How many Mexican states are in the US-Mexico Border region?
A
6
7
Q
How many US counties are in the US-Mexico Border region?
A
44
8
Q
How many Mexican municipalities are in the US-Mexico Border region?
A
80
9
Q
How many pairs of sister cities are in the US-Mexico Border region?
A
15
10
Q
How many US federally recognized indigenous tribes?
A
26
11
Q
True or false: some individuals have citizenship rights on both sides of the US-Mexico border region
A
true
12
Q
How does the Us-Mexico region extend?
A
extending west to the Pacific Ocean and east to the Gulf of Mexico.
13
Q
what are the major urban areas of the border on the Mexico side?
A
Tijuana, Mexicali and Ciudad Juarez
14
Q
What are the major urban areas of the border on the US side?
A
el paso
15
Q
Is Pima County a border county?
A
yes
16
Q
What do both sides of the US-Mexico border region share?
A
environmental, social, economic, cultural and epidemiological characteristics
17
Q
What kind of families live in the US-Mexico border?
A
binational
18
Q
True or false: The US-Mexico border is the slowest border region.
A
false; the busiest border in the world with 43 points of entry
19
Q
What is the total population of the US-Mexico region?
A
14.94m people
20
Q
Between 2000 & 2010, border population increased by what?
A
12% (US) and 18% (Mexico)
21
Q
What percent of the population in the US-Mexico region is urban? rural?
A
a. 84%
b. Most is rural
22
Q
What ethnicity is half of the Us-Mexico region?
A
hispanic
23
Q
If current trends continue in the US-Mexico, the border population is expected to increase to what?
A
to about 20 million people by 2020
24
Q
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 13% in what?
A
populous state
25
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 2nd in what?
in percent of population under 19 years
26
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 50th in what?
in percent of population with high school diploma
27
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 46th in what?
in percent with 4 year college degree (minus SD county)
28
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 5th in what?
unemployment
29
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 50th again in what?
in per capita income (minus SD county)
30
What are population pyramids used for in public health?
These diagrams are frequently used in public health to illustrate the distribution of various age groups in a population.
31
In terms of age, what are populations on both sides of the border? but...
are younger than the national rates of both countries, but the border population on the Mexican side is dramatically younger than on the US side.
32
What are contributing factors to people being younger on the Mexico side?
a. the high fertility rate
| b. the fact that the Mexican population that migrates north to the U.S. tends to be younger and healthier
33
What percent of the Mexico border is under 15?
30%
34
What percent of the US border is under 15
24%
35
What is higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one population or group relative to another, usually associated with social, economic, and environmental disadvantage along with other SDOH?
health disparity
36
Who experiences health disparities?
Populations who experience health disparities are those who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on race/ethnicity, skin color, religion, nationality, socioeconomic resources or position, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, geography, disability, illness, or politics (Braveman et al.) otherwise known as the SDOH.
37
What are differences one group has relative to another in health care coverage, access to care, use and quality of care; associated with same factors as health disparities: SDOH)?
health care disparities
38
When describing a health disparity or health care disparity it is important to note what? rather than what?
the comparison group rather than saying higher or lower.
39
What is the comparison group?
usually the dominant or general population
40
Why do health and health care disparities matter? (two reasons)
a. Disparities in health and health care not only affect the groups facing disparities, but also limit overall gains in quality of care and health for the broader population
b. Health disparities also drive up the cost of health care for everyone.
41
Health disparities at the US border include what?
diabetes, hepatitis, AIDS and TB
42
According to the CDC (2013), the US Mexico border may be viewed as what?
a single epidemiologic region.
43
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 7th in what?
rate of T2DM
44
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 5th in what?
mortality rate for diabetes
45
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 2nd in what?
mortality rate for hepatitis
46
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 12th in what?
in prevalence (existing cases) of AIDS
47
If the US border counties made up the 51st state, this border state would rank 2nd in what? (other thing)
in incidence (new cases) of TB (twice the rate of the general US population)
48
According to the Rural Health Information Hub, what percent of the adults in the US border counties are overweight or obese
60%
49
There is a very high rate of what in the US border counties?
of unintentional injuries and poisonings.
50
While rates of other cancers are similar to the general US population, what is there a high rate of in women living in border counties?
rate of preventable cervical cancer among women living in border counties.
51
While heart disease and stroke remain two of the leading causes of death for border resident, there is a lower rate of what in US-border regions?
of heart disease and death from stroke as compared to the rest of the rest of the US.
52
What is the low rate of heart disease and death from stroke related to?
how young the population is
53
What are also not disparities in the Us-Mexico region?
a. heart disease
| b. mortality
54
US border population compared to general US population what is there higher percent of?
population uninsured
55
What is there limited to access to for US border population compared to general US population what is there higher percent of?
primary care and primary health care
56
What percent of border counties are Medically Underserved Areas (MUAs)?
73%
57
What percent of border communities are Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs)?
83%
58
What are MUAs and HPSAs?
two related yet distinct designations used by the federal government to designate areas and populations indicating a significant need for primary health care resources, including primary care providers
59
What are available to communities according to MUAs and HPSAs?
Specific federal programs designed to address health care disparities
60
What are federal programs used to do?
used to recruit Primary Care Providers and support existing but underfunded health care facilities and public health infrastructure. .
61
What is primary care?
is personal and individual medical health care
62
What are PCPs? And usually are what kind of contact?
PCP are generalists, usually the first-contact for patients in which the majority of health problems are treated.
63
PC includes what?
health promotion and disease prevention
64
What is primary care in US and developed countries?
key component of care
65
What kind of concept is primary health care?
broader
66
What kind of focus does PHC have?
population-focused
67
What is PHC based on?
based on the WHO’s 1978 Alma-Ata Report and Declaration, which defined a list of services that all should have access to.
68
What does PHC explicitly include?
explicitly includes nutrition, safe water, and sanitation as part of health care.
69
What are things part of health infrastructure in PHC?
```
Health education
Food/proper nutrition
Maternal/child healthcare/Family Planning
Safe Water/basic sanitation
Immunizations
Infectious Disease Control
Tx of common disease/injuries
Essential basic medication
Promotion of Mental Health
```
70
What are overlapping services provided by Primary Care and Primary Health Care?
Immunizations, health education, maternal-child care, family planning, infectious disease control, treatment of common diseases and injuries, and promotion of mental health
71
What are the main differences between PHC and PC?
a. Care of Individual versus care for all (public health focus)
b. PC is a narrow concept and PHC is much broader focused.
72
What do border region population have less access to?
a. healthy food
b. safe water
c. sanitation
73
Compared to US border states, what are infant mortality rates in Mexican border states?
double
74
Compared to US border states, what are maternal mortality rates in Mexican border states?
more than double
75
Compared to US border states, what are homicide rates in Mexican border states?
have increased in border cities; decreased in US border cities
76
Compared to US border states, what are chronic liver disease/cirrhosis mortality in Mexican border states?
significantly higher
77
What does violence effect?
a. creates situations in which people are afraid to spend time outside, both limiting their ability to exercise and access nutritious food and contributing to higher rates of chronic diseases.
b. The violence has also had an impact on tourism (including medical tourism) in Mexico, which then impacts economics and employment.
78
As compared to the general US population, US border counties had what kind of birth rate?
higher
79
As compared to the general US population, US border counties had what kind of prenatal care?
late or no
80
As compared to the general US population, US border counties had what percentage of preterm births?
same preterm births
81
As compared to the general US population, US border counties had what percentage of infant mortality rate?
lower
82
As compared to the general US population, US border counties had what percentage of SIDS mortality rate?
lower
83
As compared to the general US population, US border counties had what percentage of birth rates among women?
higher
84
what are border colonies?
Rural unincorporated communities along US-Mexican border
85
What kind of poverty rates are there in border colonies?
higher
86
What is the situation of food in border colonies?
food insecurity
87
What kind of housing is border colonies?
substandard housing
88
What is there a lack of access to in border colonies?
Potable drinking water
Sewer and solid waste disposal
Paved streets
Electricity
89
What kind of income do border colonies have?
lower income
90
Under NAHA, what is a Colonia?
a colonia is an “identifiable community” in Arizona, California, New Mexico, or Texas within 150 miles of the U.S.-Mexico border, lacking potable water, adequate sewage systems, decent housing, and in existence as a colonia before November 28, 1989
91
What is well documented in the Texas Colonia?
higher rates of food insecurity
92
What are health disparities in border colonies?
1. Border health disparities intensified plus water-borne diseases
- Hepatitis A
- Salmonellosis
- Dysentery
2. tuberculosis
93
Which one of the following action plans explicitly aims to “end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people [in the world] enjoy peace and prosperity”?
a. Healthy People 2030
b. Alma-Ata Declaration
c. UN Sustainable Development Goals
d. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
c
94
Which nursing intervention is also one of the eight essential elements of Primary Health Care?
a. Health teaching
b. Community organizing
c. Policy development and enforcement
d. Social marketing
The answer is A. Health Teaching (or Health Education).
95
Which leading cause of death in the world is not a leading cause of death in the United States?
a. Heart Disease
b. Cancer
c. Diabetes
d. Malaria
The answer is D. Malaria.
96
Which are known health disparities in the US border colonias? (Select all that apply)
```
A. Poor sanitation
B. Poverty
C. Hepatitis A
D. Limited access to medical services
E. Dysentery
```
The answer is C and E. There is a higher burden of Hepatitis A and Dysentery in people in the border colonias as compared to the rest of the US population.
Note:
A, B and D are all inequities in the border reason, but not health disparities. A, B, And D are all SDOH; A and D are also health care disparities. But they are not health disparities or health outcomes. Poor sanitation, poverty and limited access to medical care are the causes and contributing factors for poor health outcomes.
