Exam 2 (Week 4 Course Notes)

Question 1

Descible the “slings” that happen in the back

Answer 1

the slings are the combination of the lats and the gluteus max. when the Left lat fires, so does the R gluteus max. works in these fascial slings.

Question 2

what are the muscles of the intermediate layer of the back

Answer 2

the serratus posterior superior and the serratus posterior inferior

Question 3

what supplies the serratus posterior and inferior

Answer 3

the ventral primary rami

superior: T2-T5 Ventral primary rami
inferior: T9-T12 ventral primary rami

Question 4

what are the layers of the deep part of the back muscles

Answer 4

superficial group: splenius group
intermediate layer: erector spinae group
deep layer: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

Question 5

what are the three layers of the erector spinae group

Answer 5

iliocostalis (most lateral)
longissimus
spinalis (most medial)

Question 6

what is a good saying to remember the order of the erector spinae muscles

Answer 6

I love Standing

the iliocostalis is most lateral, then the longissimus then the spinalis

Question 7

what nerve supplies the erector spinae group

Answer 7

the dorsal primary rami

Question 8

what are the subdivisions of the groups of the Erector spinae muscles

Answer 8

• the iliocostalis group ha the cervicis, thoracis and the lumborum
• the longissimus group has the capitis, cervicis and the thoracis.

Question 9

the spinal cord is continuous with the ___ of the ____

Answer 9

medulla oblongata of the brain stem

Question 10

where are the two enlargements that are associated with a plexus

Answer 10

cervical and lumbosacral

Question 11

where does the spinal cord terminate

Answer 11

L1-L2

Question 12

what is the blunt inferior end of the spinal cord called

Answer 12

the conus medullaris

Question 13

where does the spinal cord attach inferiorly? and what is that distal attachment called

Answer 13

to the coccyx, via the filum terminale

Question 14

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there. what are the regional distributions of them

Answer 14

31
8 cervical
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral and 
1 coccygeal spinal nerve

Question 15

describe the exit pattern of spinal nerves

• C1
• C1-C7
• C8
• T1-S4
• S5 and Co1

Answer 15

C1 exits between the occiput and the atlas
C1-7 exit above the vertebral body for which they are named.
C8 exits below C7
T1 to S4 exit below their proper vertebrate
S5 and Co1 exit via the sacral hiatus

Question 16

what is the cauna equina

-how far down does it go

Answer 16

formation of spinal nerves (still within the canal)

Descends to the termination of the spinal cord

Question 17

in what is the cauna equina housed

Answer 17

in the menengies within the lumbar cistern

Question 18

what kind of nerves pass through the cauna equina

Answer 18

lower lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

Question 19

what two things make up a spinal nerve

Answer 19

the ventral and dorsal root

Question 20

what kind of information is carried on ventral and dorsal roots. where are their cell bodies found

Answer 20

the ventral (anterior root) has motor information. cell bodies in grey matter

the dorsal (posterior root) has the sensory information and the cell bodies are in the ganglion.

Question 21

Where is the ganglion located

Answer 21

in the intervertebral foramen

Question 22

what happens to the roots. where do they pass

Answer 22

they merge to make a spinal nerve which passes through the intervertebral foramen

Question 23

a spinal nerve splits into…

Answer 23

a ventral and dorsal primary rami

Question 24

where do the ventral primary rami travel, and what kind of information do they have
what do they supply

Answer 24

they travel anteriorly with sensory and motor information. they form plexuses.

Question 25

what are the levels of the 4 plexuses

Answer 25

cervical c1-c4 brachial c5-t1 lumbar t12-l5 sacral l4-s5

Question 26

spinal cords travel along the ribs as

Answer 26

intercostal nerves

Question 27

where do the dorsal primary rami travel, and what kind of information do they have what do they supply

Answer 27

travel to the back to provide the muscles between the angles of the ribs, the skin over the back and other structures of the back

Question 28

what are the three layers of the menengies and describe each one

Answer 28

1. the dense fibrous dura mater is the outermost layer 2. the arachnoid mater is next, delicate layer that with the Pia mater make up the subarachnoid space, where projections of the arachnoid mater travel to the Pia mater. filled with CSF 3. finally the very intimate inner layer the Pia mater. Directly around the spinal cord and continuous with the Pia mater of the brain.

Question 29

dermatomes and myotomes

Answer 29

the area of skin or the mass of muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve

Question 30

c3 dermatome

Answer 30

lateral base of neck

Question 31

c4 dermatome

Answer 31

over AC joint

Question 32

c5 dermatome

Answer 32

lateral aspect of the arm

Question 33

c6 dermatome

Answer 33

dorsal aspect of the thumb web space

Question 34

c7 dermatome

Answer 34

dorsal aspect of the middle finger

Question 35

c8 dermatome

Answer 35

medial border of the fifth metacarpal

Question 36

T1 dermatome

Answer 36

medial forearm

Question 37

T2 dermatome

Answer 37

medial arm and axilla

Question 38

L1 dermatome

Answer 38

inguinal

Question 39

L2 dermatome

Answer 39

anterior thigh

Question 40

L3 dermatome

Answer 40

medial knee

Question 41

L4 dermatome

Answer 41

medial malleolus

Question 42

L5 dermatome

Answer 42

distal medial dorsal of the foot

Question 43

S1 dermatome

Answer 43

lateral border of the foot

Question 44

S2 dermatome

Answer 44

medial/posterior calcaneus

Question 45

C3-4 myotome

Answer 45

scapular elevation

Question 46

C5 myotome

Answer 46

shoulder abduction

Question 47

C6 myotome

Answer 47

elbow flexion and wrist extension

Question 48

C7 myotome

Answer 48

elbow extension, wrist flexion and finger extension

Question 49

C8 myotome

Answer 49

finger flexion

Question 50

T1 myotome

Answer 50

finger abduction and adduction

Question 51

L2-3 myotome

Answer 51

hip flexion

Question 52

L3-4 myotome

Answer 52

knee extension

Question 53

L4-5 myotome

Answer 53

ankle dorsiflexion

Question 54

L5-S1 myotome

Answer 54

great toe extension, knee flexion and ankle eversion

Question 55

S1-2 myotome

Answer 55

plantarflexion

Question 56

S2-3 myotome

Answer 56

toe flexion

Question 57

C5,6,7 muscle stretch reflex

Answer 57

C5: biceps brachii C6: biceps brachia and brachioradialis C7: Triceps

Question 58

L3-4 and S1-2 muscle reflexes

Answer 58

L3-4: quads | S1-2: gastroc-soleus

Question 59

neurodynamics looks at

Answer 59

movement and movement dysfunction of the CNS

Question 60

what does neurodynamics rely on

Answer 60

the continuous nature of the nervous system

Question 61

what two things do neurodynamic tests test for

Answer 61

for the mechanical tolerances and sensitivity to the nervous system

Question 62

true or false: it is normal to experience stretch or discomfort or even paresthesias during neurodynamic testing

Answer 62

TRUE

Question 63

what might be evident with a positive neurodynamic test

Answer 63

1. reproduction of familiar symptoms 2. responses on both sides differ 3. structural differentiation (trying to figure out if it is a mobility or sensitivity issue)

Question 64

is the vertebral canal longer in flexion or extension and by how much

Answer 64

in flexion, by 7-10 cm.

Question 65

how is the spinal cord neurodynamically sufficient

Answer 65

it can stretch and elongate and also relax to changes in tension and position. the neural contents can slide within he canal

Question 66

can the spinal nerves slide in the canal

Answer 66

yes

Question 67

which part of the spinal cord is more folded and twisted

Answer 67

the posterior part

Question 68

is the posterior part of the spinal cord closer or further away from the instantaneous axis or rotation

Answer 68

further away

Question 69

does the anterior or posterior part of the spinal cord have more inbuilt slack to accommodate spinal flexion. what makes this so

Answer 69

the posterior part | the dura mater and its elastin content

Question 70

does the anterior or posterior part of the dura mater have more elastin content

Answer 70

posterior (has about 14%) whereas the anterior has about 7

Question 71

what happens to the spinal cord during spinal extension

Answer 71

shortens the cord. and folds the spinal cord