Exam 2 - Week 7 (Cardiovascular) Flashcards Preview

Pathophysiology > Exam 2 - Week 7 (Cardiovascular) > Flashcards

Flashcards in Exam 2 - Week 7 (Cardiovascular) Deck (29)
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1
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

2
Q

Where is the hart located?

A

Media Stinum between the lungs and enclosed in a double walled pericardial sac

3
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

= epicardium = serous membrane with small amounts of lubricating fluid within the pericardial cavity between the membranes to facilitate heart movement

4
Q

AV Valves; names, and what do they do?

A

Right - tricuspid
Left - bicuspid

They separate the atria from ventricles

5
Q

Semilunar valves; names, and what do they do?

A

They separate left and right side of heart and regulate flow of the artery they belong to

Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve

6
Q

Baroreceptors - location, function

A

Location: aortic arch and carotid sinus

Function: sensitive to stretch or pressure within the arterial system
-Relay information to basal motor center in the brainstem and alerts autonomic nervous system to act accordingly

7
Q

Chemoreceptors - location, function

A

Location: aortic and carotid bodies

Function: capable of initiating changes in HR and arterial pressure in response to increased arterial CO2 pressure
-When stimulated, they subsequently stimulate the basal motor sensor to increase cardiac activity

8
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Mediated by vagus nerve

- Decreases HR by slowing SA node rate which reduces conduction through the AV node

9
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate the cardiovascular system?

A

Fight or flight response
-Increases HR, increases speed of impulses and conduction through AV node, increases force of atrial and ventricular contractions

10
Q

S1 indicates

A

“Lubb” - closure of the AV valves

11
Q

S2 indicates

A

“Dubb” - closure of the semilunar valves

12
Q

What are murmurs caused by?

A
  • Incompetent valves
  • Unusual turbulence in bloodflow
  • Hole in the heart septum
13
Q

Pulse

A

indicates heart rate

14
Q

Pulse deficit

A

difference in the rate between apical and radial pulse

15
Q

Automaticity

A

Ability to discharge and electrical impulse spontaneously

16
Q

Rhythmicity

A

Ability to generate an electrical impulse at regular intervals

17
Q

Conductivity

A

Ability to send an electrical impulse from one area to the next along an electrical pathway

18
Q

Cardiac Output

A

= HR x SV

The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 min

19
Q

HR

A

the number of contractions of the ventricles each minute

20
Q

SV

A

The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each contraction

21
Q

Where is the cardiac control center located?

A

In the medulla oblongata

22
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

ability of the heart to increase output in response to increased demand

23
Q

Preload

A

The work imposed on the heart before contraction begins = end diastolic pressure when ventricles have filled

24
Q

When does preload increase?

A

Hypovolemia, regurgitation of valves

25
Q

Afterload

A

The force required to eject blood from the ventricle = resistance that the Left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

26
Q

When does after load increase?

A

HTN, vasoconstriction

27
Q

Ventilation Perfusion Ratio = VQ Ratio

A

measurement used to measure/assess efficiency and adequacy of the matching of air that reaches alveoli to blood that reaches alveoli

V = air that reaches alveoli
Q = blood that reaches alveoli
28
Q

Hypercoagulability

A

abnormality of blood coagulation that increases risk of thrombosis

29
Q

Blood coagulation

A

process by which blood changes from liquid to gel