Exam 2 (Weeks 7-10) Flashcards
Weeks 7-10 (24 cards)
Four types of marine reptiles
turtles, snakes, iguana, saltwater croc.
Biomass
The mass of living material present at any time, expressed as grams per unit area or volume = standing stock.
Productivity
Rate of production of living material per unit time per unit area or volume.
Where are hydrothermal vents located?
Where magma is close to the surface in mid ocean ridges.
How are hydrothermal vents formed?
Cold water seeps through cracks in the ridge and is heated, the high temperatures facilitate leeching from rock and the water picks up dissolved minerals while H2O picks up hydrogen sulfide. The hot liquid finds an exit, the dissolved metals and minerals + H2S are released, effluent is acidic and toxic to most animals.
Black hydrothermal smoke vs white
Black: Hottest, spew iron and sulfide which makes black monosulfide.
White: Hot enough to cook pasta, silica makes anhydrite, also contains silicon, calcium, and barium.
Deep Sea Environment Characteristics
No light, cold temperatures, high pressure, falling remains of dead organisms, and decaying organic matters.
Primary producers in deep sea environments
Bacteria
Similarities between Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis
Both make carbs as result, both use CO2, both use enzymes.
Tube Worms
No mouth, anus, or complete digestive system. Instead, have a trophosome = contains symbiotic bacteria that provide the worm with nourishment.
Other hydrothermal vent animals
Mussels: Colonized, filter feeders, use microbes.
Clams: High hemoglobin in blood + microbes.
Zoarcid fish: White ass fish that eat any organism from shrimp to tubeworms around the vents, slow and lethargic (top predators).
Octopus: top predators, eat mussels + clams, crabs.
Dandelion: Related to jellies, colonial, use tentacles to attach themselves to rocks and move around. (Presence = dormant vent).
Shrimp + Crabs.
Reasons to Care about Hydrothermal Vents
Contain unique organisms with pharmaceutical importance, analogous to first systems of early earth, vents heavily contribute to sea water composition, minerals = $
Differences between migrating and non-migrating fish in the mesopelagic zone
Similarities: Black or dark coloring, large mouths, large eyes, photophores.
Migrating: Strong bones, developed muscles, smaller body size, swim bladder.
Nonmigrating: No swim bladder, longer bodies, flabby muscles, weak bones.
Adaptations of Nonmigrating Mesopelagic Fishies (Teehee)
Countershading, photophores (LIGHT), large/blind eyes, lower level of hemoglobin. Pielzolytes = prevent molecule distortion, more flexible proteins + unsaturated membranes.
Larger mouths with hinge jaws and inward hooked teeth, expandable stomachs, sexual parasitism.
Sexual Parasitism
One organism (mainly males here) depend on the other for survival while they attach to the mate to produce and release sperm to reproduce.
Bioluminescence: Intrinsic vs Extrinsic
Intrinsic: Neuraly or hormonally under the control of organism.
Extrinsic: Relent on symbiotic relationship with bacteria using mechanical control.
Purposes of Bioluminescence
Attract/Startle prey, attract mate, confuse predator, counterillumination.
General EQ for Bioluminescence
Luciferin + O2 —Luciferase–> oxyluciferin + light
Functional Diversity
The variety of different organisms that can take on different roles/niches.
Primary Productivity vs. Secondary Productivity
Prim: Caused by photosynthesis
Sec: Caused by consumers eating primary producers.
Bottom-up effects (Food Chain)
Control of food chain via primary production.
Top-down Effects (Food Chain)
Control of food chain via variety of top predators.
High AR
Longer, more narrow wings. Good for long term duration and soaring.
Low AR
Shorter, wider wings. Good for short term flapping.
