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Marine Biology > Weeks 12-14 > Flashcards

Weeks 12-14 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Wave Vocab

A

Frequency: Number of wave crests passing through a point each second.

Crest: Highest point of wave.

Period: Time required for wave crest to move from point A to B.

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2
Q

What factors affect wave development?

A

Wind strength, wind duration, fetch (area over which wind blows over)

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3
Q

Ways waves interact with each other

A

Destructive interference: two waves cancel each other out upon interaction.

Constructive interference: two waves interact and get larger.

Mixed: Two waves interact and end in a combined wave with smaller swells.

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4
Q

Rogue Waves

A

Single wave crest much higher than the average wave crest, caused by constructive interference.

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5
Q

Vertical zonation

A

Universal feature of rocky shores; different zones distributed vertically.

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6
Q

Universal Intertidal Zones

A

black lichen, periwinkle (littorine gastropod) with sparse barnacles, barnacle-dominated zone overlapping with mussels, a zone variously dominated but oftentimes with seaweed.

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7
Q

Rocky intertidal spatial gradients

A

Vertical: tide level, time of exposure to air/water.

Horizontal: changing wave exposures.

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8
Q

Stressors experienced by organisms in the intertidal zone

A

Heat stress + desiccation, gas exchange, reduced feeding times, wave shock, biological interactions (competition + predators)

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9
Q

Heat Stress + Desiccation

A

Varies spatially, well sealed skeletons (bivalves) help prevent water loss, size and shape of organism important, evaporative cooling useful.

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10
Q

Heat Shock Proteins

A

Used to assay temperature stress, higher amount in low intertidal organisms since they aren’t as efficient as dealing with heat than higher intertidal organisms.

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11
Q

Higher intertidal organism traits

A

Less prone to heat stress/desiccation, if sessile grow more slowly since reduced feeding times, more efficient at feeding at lower level tides given higher tides are not as frequent, greater cell stability.

Oxygen Consumption: Cannot often respire well at low tide; withdraw organs (bivalves/polychaetes) and may reduce metabolism, if air isn’t too dry, may respire during low tide.

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12
Q

Wave Shock (Intertidal zones)

A

Abrasion (particle suspension scrape delicate structures), pressure (pressure of breaking waves can crush compressible structures), drag (pulls organisms from where they may be attached or move them from burrowing zones)

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13
Q

Causes of vertical zonation

A

Tolerance of environment, larval/adult preference, competition, predation, behavior (selective movement)

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14
Q

Where do certain species dominate vertical zones?

A

Difference in tolerance of species, competitive interactions, predation changes with tidal level.

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15
Q

Disturbances

A

Events that distribution + abundance of organisms, may reduce abundance of competing species, may allow coexistence of inferior competitors or the colonization of a species well-adapted to disturbances.

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16
Q

Spatial Scales of Disturbances

A

A small spatial disturbance might affect the spatial dominance patterns of species (i.e., event bothering small patch of mussels causes them to move and for another organism to take up the abandoned space.)

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17
Q

Two Forms of Corals

A

Polys: Tube with tentacles around the mouth, sessile.

Medusa

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18
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Stinging cells. Inside is the nematocyte, which has a hollow thread with a barb, which contain toxins.

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19
Q

Hermatypic corals vs ahermatypic corals

A

H: Reef builders, contain zooxanthellae (symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates). Restricted in water by temperature and water quality.

A: Not reef builders, may not have zooxanthellae, not restricted by temp or water quality.

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20
Q

Coral reefs are groups of…

A

Polyps connected by a thin tissue. Share nervous systems and digestive connection.

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21
Q

Coral Feeding

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A

May use zooxanthellae (photosynthetic symbiotic relationship) or using nematocyte on small fish/zooplankton. May also use extensions of gut wall (mesenterial filaments).

22
Q

Conditions Required for Reef Growth

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A

Hard substrate, optimal light, narrow temperature range, narrow salinity range, low sediment load, low pollution, narrow range of pH.

23
Q

Where are coral typically found?

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A

More shallow water areas in continental shelves or areas of high water clarity (need for photosynthetic zooxanthellae).

24
Q

Coral Temperature Requirements

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A

At least 68 degrees for reproduction; but too high (86) leads to bleaching, the expulsion of zooxanthellae from a polyp.

25
Coral Salinity Requirements
35 ppt; do not live near rivers or freshwater sources because of this requirement, and without it, low salinity will cause bleaching.
26
How do coral reproduce?
Asexually: Budding or fragmentation. Sexually: Sperm and eggs moves through water and fertilizes coral.
27
Types of coral growth forms
Taller = shallower, more branching for competition of light. Shorter + flatter = deeper reefs to assist in capturing all possible light.
28
Types of coral reefs
Fringing, atolls, barrier reefs.
29
Fringing reefs
Most simple, develop near the shore in tropical waters in narrow strips. Consist of inner reef flat and outer reef slope, growth highest in the reef crest. Life higher at slope and crest, not so much at flat due to runoff + pollution + exposure during low tides; higher wave action.
30
Barrier Reefs
Grow along or farther from shore, differ from fringe with deep lagoon between shore + reef. Forereef slope is more pronounced and steeper than backreef slope. Waves may push sed to back reef slope area, reducing growth, though islands can form called keys or cayes.
31
Atoll Reefs
Circular reef structure surrounding lagoon, may have sand cayes. Form during volcanic formation, weathering lowers the island over time, leaving only band of coral. Have reef flats + inner and outer slopes.
32
Why do urchin populations explode?
Because abundance of algae during starvation or higher population rates, where they will move from hiding spots to eat.
33
Important Mangrove Forest Features
High primary productivity, high supply of POM (especially falling leaves that subsidize animal growth), zonation of mangrove species, roots support sessile animals.
34
What is a mangrove forest?
Trees + shrubs grow in saline coastal habitats (tropics/subtropics). Grow in loose wet soil and periodically submerged by tidal waves.
35
Mangrove tree adaptations to high salinity
Waxy leaves to prevent water loss, salt excretion in leaves to regulate salt content (salt glands).
36
Adaptations to high sedimentation of mangrove trees
Prop roots (arises from stem, penetrates soil, supports the stem), pneumatophores (breathing roots support plant respiration), buttress roots supports in soft substrate, stilt roots (grow from tree into the substrate for more support),
37
Adaptions of mangroves for reproduction
Vivipary normal: reproduction and growth while attached to plant, fertilization, and propagule growth (ready-to-go seedling). As they mature, seeding will drop and may float horizontally to disperse, though may float vertically under right conditions.
38
Mangrove species
- Red Mangroves (Americas, West Africa) - White Mangroves (Americas, West Africa) - Black Mangroves (Americas, West Africa)
39
Mangrove zonation factors
Salinity variations and salt excrement, tidal inundation and respiratory adaptions for gas exchange, soil stability and rooting adaptions, sedimentation rates and types.
40
Mangrove Importance
Leave detritus = food, roots = shelter for fish, buffer against wind + sea, trap sediments from going to sea, filter pollutants, good for fisheries + economy.
41
Mangrove threats
Pollution, shrimp agriculture, timber industry, coastal development + urbanization.
42
Seagrass Communities are important because...
critical nursery habitat, economic resource (fisheries, tourism, biodiversity), feeding grounds, wave energy buffers, and threatened species refuge, water filtration, highest primary productivity.
43
Where are seagrasses (Submerged Aquatic Vegetation) found?
Shallow subtidal areas on soft muds and sandy sediments, sometimes rocky substrates, too.
44
Seagrasses are what type of plant?
Angiosperms (flowering plants).
45
Seagrass traits
Evolved from terrestrial plants, have leaves, roots, conducting tissues, flowers and seeds and do photosynthesis; do not have strong stems or trunks for land survival, but supported by buoyancy and water flow, bending easily with waves.
46
Seagrass vs Algae
Seagrass: like terrestrial plants have specialized structures that do specific functions, possess true roots that allow for extraction of nutrients and minerals. Leaves do photosynthesis. Vascular. Algae: Simplistic and unspecialized in structure; holdfasts. Full structure does photosynthesis. Take up minerals through water column.
47
Lifestyle Requirements for Seagrasses
True halophyte (adapted to marine saline waters), grow submerged, securely anchored, must flower and spread seeds, lack waxy cuticle of terrestrial plants, aerenchyma tissue for buoyancy.
48
Seagrass ecology
Important to grazers (ducks, manatees, etc.), detritus feeders, and are shelter for smaller organisms. Provides substrate for food for barnacles, squirts, sponges, isopods, etc.
49
Types of seagrass animals
Epifauna: Live on surface of blades. Infauna: Live in substrate. Mobile fauna: Live over the seagrass, like fish.
50
Causes of seagrass decline
Disease (slime molds), dredge + fill operation, mooring scars, vessels, fish and shellfish harvesting techniques.

Marine Biology (3 decks)

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