Exam 3 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
A point of association between two bones is ______
A
Joint
2
Q
Arthrology is _______
A
The study of joints
3
Q
Rheumatology is ______
A
The study of all joint disease
4
Q
Two methods for classifying joints are ____ & _____
A
- Structural classification: How joints are anatomically put together
- Functional classification: Hows joints work
5
Q
What are the 3 sub classifications of structural joints? Describe their attributes
A
- Fibrous joint:
- no joint cavity
- fibrous tissue between bones - Cartilaginous joint:
- no joint cavity
- cartilage tissue between bones - Synovial joint:
- joint cavity filled with fluid
- surrounded by connective tissue
6
Q
Nonsynovial joints are which 2 joint sub classifications?
A
fibrose & cartilagenous
7
Q
What types of fluid is between synovial joints?
A
Synovial fluid
8
Q
What are the 3 sub classifications of functional joints? What are their attributes?
A
- Synarthrosis = immovable joint
- Amphiarthrosis = slightly movable joint
- Diarthrosis =freely movable joint
9
Q
Functionally a knee joint would be classified as _____, but structurally it’d be classified as _____.
A
Diarthrosis -functionally - freely moving
Synovial -structurally- joint cavity with fluid
10
Q
Functionally the left & right parietal bones of the skull articulating with one another would be classified as ____., but structurally it’d be classified as ______.
A
Synarthrosis -functionally- immovable joint
Fibrous - structurally- no joint cavity
11
Q
Nondiathrosis joints include which two sub joint classifications?
A
Synarthrosis & Amphiarthrosis
12
Q
If a joint is structurally classified as fibrous & functionally classified as synarthrosis its called_____. Give an example of joint type.
A
Suture joint
ex: front & parietal lobe joints
13
Q
If a joint is structurally classified as cartilaginous & functionally classified as synarthrosis its called_____. Give an example of joint type.
A
Synddesmosis
ex: between tibia & fiber
14
Q
If a joint is structurally classified as cartilaginous & functionally classified as amphiarthrosis its called____. Give an example of joint type.
A
Symphysis
ex: pubic bones connecting OR joints between vertebral bodies
15
Q
(T or F) When someone mentions synovial joints you know they’re also talking about diarthrosis joints
A
TRUE!
Synovial means build filled cavity
Diarthrosis means freely moving
16
Q
By nature synovial/ diarthrosis joints are ____, and are more prone to _____.
A
Weak & dislocate
17
Q
Luxation means______
A
Complete dislocation
18
Q
Subluxations means______
A
Partial dislocation
19
Q
(T or F) Diarthrosis joints are strong and diseases are non common.
A
FALSE!
They’re weak and disease prone!
20
Q
Suture, synchondrosis, syndesmosis & symphysis joints are_____. Uncommonly ____. ____ are never seen and are found in the _____ skeleton.
A
strong/stable, dislocate, diseases, axial
21
Q
Synovial/ Diarthrosis joints are found in the _____ skeleton.
A
Appendicular
22
Q
Osteoarthritis (OA) is diagnosed when what occurs?
A
Articular cartilage is worn away
Joint space is uneven & narrowed
Bone- to- bone contact is present
23
Q
What are necessary characteristics of synovial/ diarthrosis joints?
A
*2 articulating bones (-duh!)
Joint cavity is between bones
Articular cartilage covering bone
24
Q
A patient comes in with patella pain. After taking an x-ray, its clear there is little to no articular cartilage between the bones. You diagnose her with _____.
A
Osteoarthritis
25
Surrounding a diathesis/ synovial joint is ____ capsule.
Articular capsule
26
What are the 2 layers that make up the articular capsule and their functions?
1. An outer fibrous membrane
- a.k.a capsular ligament
- helps hold bone together
2. An inner synovial membrane
- a.k.a synovium
- produces synovial fluid
27
What does synovial fluid do?
Lubricate
absorbs shock
provides nutrition
28
Accessory ligaments include ____ & _____. What do they do for the bone?
Intracapsular ligament & extracapsular ligament
| Help hold bone together!
29
Menisci is _____.
Articular discs
30
What are menisci made of? What do they do? Where are they located?
1. made of - fibrocartilage
2. do - allows a better fit between bones/ and absorb shock
3. located - Inside joint cavity
31
Bursae is _____. Located _____ of a joint and helps the bone by _____ it.
sacs of synovial fluid
outside of joint
cushioning/protecting it
32
A patient diagnosed with bursitis has _____
Swollen bursa
33
Classifications of synovial/diarthrosis joints are classified based on ____ & the ____ allowed..
Shape and movement
34
List the 6 movement classifications of synovial/ diarthrosis joints & describe them
1. Gliding (plane joint):
- Surfaces are flat
- non-axial - no axis involved
2. Hinge joint:
- Surfaces are convex/concave
- monaxial- 1 axis involved
- movement in 1 direction
3. Pivot joint:
- Surface is pointed, surrounded by circular surface
- Monaxial- movement in 1 direction
- Rotation
4. Elliposoid ( condylar) joint:
- Surface is oval, and oval depression
- Biaxial- around 2 axes
- 2 different directions
5. Saddle ( sellaris) joint:
- Saddle surface/saddle surface
- Biaxial
- Side-to-side motion, up & down motion
6. Ball-and-socket joints:
- Ball surface/ socket surface
- Triaxial- around 3 axes
- 3 different directions
35
_____ joints are also considered nonaxial.
Gliding (plane) joints
36
Gliding (Plane) joints surfaces are _____. Examples include______.
Flat
ex:
joints between carpals & tarsal bones
37
_____ joints are also considered monaxial
Hinge joints
38
In order to have a hinge joint you'd need one bone to be _____ and one to be ______
Convex & concave
39
An example of a hinge joint is _____ joint. The _____ bone is convex where the _____ bone is concave.
Elbow joint,
trochlea - convex
ulna - concave
40
_____ joints are also considered monaxial
Pivot joints
41
In order to have a pivot joint you'd need one bone to be ____ and one to be _____
Pointed & circular
42
An example of a pivot joint is ______. The ____ is pointed where the _____ is circular.
Joint between 1st & 2nd cervicle vertebrae
Dens of C2- pointed
Inner surface of C1 - circular
43
____ joints are also considered biaxial
Elliposoid ( condylar) joint
44
Elliposoid ( condylar) joints promote ___ & ____ motion.
Side-to-side & up-and-down
45
In order to have a elliposoid joint you'd need a _____ surface and a ____ surface to connect.
convex oval & concave/depressed oval
46
What is the main difference between a hinge joint and a ellipsoid joint?
Hinge joint is monaxial - moves in one direction
| Elliposoid joint is biaxial - moves in two diff. directions
47
An example of ellipsoid joint is ____. _______ has a convex oval surface, where ____ has a concave oval surface.
Radial scaphoid joint (Wrist)
scaphoid - convex oval surface
radius - concave oval surface
48
____ can also be considered as biaxial
Saddle ( sellers) joint
49
(T or F) Saddle ( Sellaris) joints are very communion the body
FALSE! There are only 2 in the body... very rare
50
The only example of a saddle (Sellaris) joint is in the ____. Where the ____ articulated with the ___ of the ____.
Thumb/hand, Meticarpal 1, Trapezium/ Wrist
51
Thanks to the _____ joint we have posable thumbs!
Saddle ( Sellaris) joint
52
The ____ joint is also considered triaxial
Ball-and-socket joint
53
In order to have a ball-and-socket joint a joint needs to have a ___ surface, where the other needs to have a ___ surface.
Ball/ socket
54
Labrum is ____. Found in the ____ of a ball-and-socket joint and helps the joint _____.
Fibro cartilage, socket, fit more snug/secure
55
(T or F) Every synovial joint has a Range of Motion
True! There are limits to movements (duh! You cant bend your hand back)
56
What are the 3 factors that define Range of Motion?
1. Shape (ball-and-socket joint vs. hinge joint )
2. Tightness of ligaments, tendons & muscles (cant move hand backwards)
3. Contact of body surfaces ( flexing muscle)
57
Flexion is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Decrease in angle between articulating bones (usually in sagittal plane)
Opposite = Extension
58
Extension is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Increase in angle between articulating bones (usually in sagittal plane )
Opposite = Flexion
59
Inversion is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Medial movement of sole
| Opposite = Eversion
60
Eversion is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Lateral movement of sole
| Opposite = Inversion
61
Abduction is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Movement of bone alway from midline (usually in frontal plane)
Opposite = Adduction
62
Adduction is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Movement of bone toward midline (usually in frontal plane)
| Opposite = Abduction
63
Pronation is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Movement of forearm that turns palm posteriorly
| Opposite = Supination
64
Supination is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Movement of forearm that turns palm anteriorly
| Opposite = Pronation
65
Elevation is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Superior movement of body part
| Opposite = Depression
66
Depression is ____. Its opposite is_____.
Inferior movement of body part
| Opposite = Elevation
67
What are all the functions of skeletal muscles?
```
Skeletal movement
Maintain body posture; position; & stability
Protects underlying organs
Guards opening/exits
Maintain body temp
Stores nutrient ( calcium ; amino acids)
```
68
What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions?
```
Isotonic:
-For motion
-Muscle shortens/contracts
Isometric:
-For stability
-Muscle stays same length --> increases tension
```
69
What is the creation of muscles from a microscopic view to a macroscopic view?
```
Protein molecules
Filaments
Sarcomeres (compartments)
Myofibrils (organelles)
Cells
Bundles
Muscles
```
70
_____ attaches a skeletal muscle to bone on each end
Tendons
71
Epimysuim (deep fascia) is where? What is its functions?
Wraps a muscle tisse
| Helps shape and isolate it
72
What makes up a muscle?
Bundles/fascicles
73
Permysium is found wishing ____ of muscles. It helps ____ bundles, and allows them to work ____ from one another.
Bundles, shape, independently
74
Bundles are made up of ______
Cells!
75
Endomysium wrap each _____. And helps it by ____ & ____ it.
Cells
| shaping & isolating
76
What are the three types of deep fascia found In muscles? What do they each wrap?
1. Epimusium- wraps muscles
2. Permysium - wraps bundles
3. Endomysium- wraps cells
77
What are the functions of deep fascia?
1. Supports
2. Compartmentalize
3. Blood vessel & nerve pathways
4. Forms tendons
5. Shapes
6. Makes muscle tnedons
78
Tendons are made by____
Fushion of (epimysium, perimysium, & endomysium) deep fascia
79
Myfiber and muscle fiber are other words for _____.
Muscle cells
80
What are the 4 main parts of a muscle cell, & their functions?
1. Nerve cells - controls muscle cell
2. Sarcolemma - stimulates cell to contract
3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum- stores calcium
4. Myofibrils- determine strength & size of cell
81
The sarcolemma of a cell has 2 main parts; ___ & ____. What do they each do?
1. Moter endplate- Stimulates outer muscle cell to contract
| 2. Transverse tubules - Stimulates inner muscle cells to contract
82
A triad is which part of a skeletal muscle cell?
The nooks! T-tubule shaft & surroundings
83
Sarcoplasmic reticular inside a skeletal muscle cell contains _____ or " gates" that release or store ____
Terminal cisterns
| calcium
84
The more ____ of the cell the larger & stronger the cell is
Myofibrils
85
(T or F) The length of the cell increases as more myofibrils are added to the cell
False! The diameter increases, length stays the same
86
Muscles hypertrophy is _____
The increase in size of each cell
87
Myofibrils are made up of ____ sections
Sarcomeres
88
Along the length of myofibrils are ____
Sarcomeres
89
Sarcomeres are made up of _____
Filaments
90
_____ discs are found in sarcomeres
Z-discs
91
Sandwiching a filament are ____
Z- discs
92
I-band is the distance from the ____ & _____ of a sarcomere
Z-disc & thin filament
93
A-band is _____ & _____ overlapping each other
Thin & thick filaments
94
What is the difference between the way a I-band & and A bands are seen under a microscope ?
```
I-Band = light
A-Band = dark
```
95
Inside a H-zone is only _____
Thick filaments
96
Inside a I-band is _____ & ______
Thin filaments/ prongs
97
What filaments are found in A-bands
Thin & thick filaments (Overlapping)
98
Inside a M-Line is only _____ with no _____
Thick filaments
| no prongs
99
The molecular part of molecular muscle is?
Proteins
100
What protein runs along thin filament? What does it do?
Actin= contractor protein
101
Tropomyosin & troponin keep an eye on ____. They either cover it, preventing ____ or unveil it allowing _____. These are _____ protein.
Actin site, contraction, contraction, regulatory proteins
102
Thick filaments have one protein called _____
Myosin
103
Parts of a myosin are ____. What do they do?
Myosin head: allows energy to movement
Hinge: moves myosin head up & down, or back & forth
Myosin tail:
104
What is on a myosin head?
ATP binding site
105
Neuromuscular junction consists of what 2 parts of the cell?
Nerve cell & motor endplate
106
One nerve contains____
Thousands of nerve cell ( motor neurons)
107
Axons & axon terminals are where in comparison to neurons?
Axons = inside nerves
| Axon terminals= outside nerve
108
One muscle contains _____
Muscle cells
109
When one axon terminal meets one muscles cell its called a _____.
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
110
A motor neuron together with the muscle fibers (cells) is called_____
Muscles cell
111
What are the 3 types of functional systems inside muscle cells that make ATP?
1. Creatine phosphate
2. Glycolysis
3. Aerobic cellular respiration
112
Which 2 systems that produce ATP in the cell are anaerobic? When & how long are they used? Where are they found?
Creatine phosphate & Glycolysis
In cytoplasm
Used during --> peak energy
Duration --> short-term
113
Anaerobic ATP production is good for _____ term energy. Where as aerobic respiration is good for _____ term energy.
```
Anaerobic = short term
Aerobic = long term
```
114
Aerobic cellular respiration involves which 2 process to create ATP? Where do they occur
Krebs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain
| - In mitochondria
115
Describe creatine phosphate process
```
ATP is used for muscle contraction
1 phosphorous is used creating ADP
The enzyme creatine phosphokinase donates 1 phosphorous to ADP
ADP turns back into ATP
Creatine phosphate turns into creatine
```
116
How many phosphates are in ATP, ADP, & creatine phosphate
ATP = 3
ADP =2
CPK = 1
117
What is needed for creating phosphate process to continue?
The enzyme creatine phosphokinase
118
How many ATP are made from cellular respiration?
36
119
If O2 isn't present Pyruvic Acid turns into _____
Lactic Acid
120
What fuels aerobic cellular respiration
O2, Sugar (Pyruvic acid), fatty acids (fat), amino acids (protein)
121
What color cells favor aerobic (O2) and which favor anaerobic (no 02) processes? What are their endurance?
Red blood cells -- aerobic ---- strong endurance
| White blood cells--- anaerobic ---- easily fatigue
122
Marathon runners cells are different than weight lifters cells in which way?
Marathon runs have red cells
| Weight lifters have white cells
123
Calciums function is to
Lock onto troponin
124
What is calcium important for in muscles?
Contraction
125
(T or F) ATP is ADP + Phosphorous
True! ADP has 3 phosphorous
| ATP has 2 phosphorous
126
Rigger mortis occurs because
No more ATP, so cells remain contracted
127
Contraction of a muscle twitch follow by relaxation is called______
Muscle twitch
128
Tetanus
Normal phenomenon of muscle cells where there are prolonged contractions
129
Why can some people lift heavy weights?
1. Through working out one increases their myofibrils making cells larger & stronger
2. Motor units activate recruitment of stronger cells
130
Aponeurosis is _____
Sheet-like structure attaches muscle to bones
131
Muscles attach to bone using ____ & ____
Tendons and Aponeurosis
132
An origin of a muscle is the _____ of it, and is used for _____
Beginning/ stability
133
An inversion is the _____ of a muscle & is used for ______
The end of a muscle/ movement
134
Agonist is a ____ of a muscle, and does____
Part of a muscle/ it is the prime mover... causes desired action
135
Antagonist is a ____ of a muscle, and does?
Part of a muscle that relaxes/lengthens when woven .
136
Synergists help ____ work better
Agonists
137
Fixators help_____
Stabilize the origin of prime mover
