Exam 4 Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
A
12
2
Q
(T or F) All cranial nerves have mixed functions
A
False! Not all cranial nerves are mixed!
ex: Optic nerve = completely sensory (sight)
3
Q
Bells palsy is….
A
Injury to facial nerve ( cranial nerve VII)
4
Q
A patient comes in who can’t taste, salivate, blink nor smile on her left side. You diagnosed her with_____
A
Bells Palsy
5
Q
On a PET Scan warm colors (red, orange, yellow) shows_______ brain activity. Meaning there’s an active _____ metabolism
A
Normal/ glucose
6
Q
On a PET scan a brain scanned with cool colors (blue, purple) shows a _______. In what disease is this seen?
A
Loss of function/ Alzheimers
7
Q
A violent jarring or shaking that results in a disturbance of brain function is considered a _______
A
Concussion
8
Q
What protects the brain?
A
Cranial bones, cerebrospinal fluid, blood brain barrier, and Meninges
9
Q
The four principal parts of the brain are
A
Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem
10
Q
A group of neurons that runs through the brain stem is called______
A
Reticular formation
11
Q
What maintains consciousness and controls arousal levels?
A
Reticular formation
12
Q
The three parts of the brain stem are…..
A
Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
13
Q
A person who has a stroke on their right brain loses control of the left side of their body due to the ____ of nerves
A
Decussation: Crossing to opposite side
14
Q
Decussation means
A
Crossing to opposite sides
15
Q
Pyramids are found in the ______ and are ______ tracks
A
medulla/ sensory tracks
16
Q
Your heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rhythms are regulated thanks to the _____ in the ______
A
Vital reflex centers, medulla
17
Q
Coughs, sneezes, vomiting, gagging and swallowing are due to the _______ center in _______
A
Nonvital reflex/ medulla
18
Q
Pons are bridges for what? What do they do? What are the origins of?
A
Sensory/motor neurons
relay information to/from cerebellum & accessory respiratory centers
origins for cranial nerves
19
Q
What two areas are within the accessory respiratory centers?
A
Pheumotaxic area & Apheustic area
new-mo-taxic) (afro-istic
20
Q
The pheumotaxic area & apheustic area modify _____. And are found in the ____ centers in the ______
A
Respiratory function/accessory respiratory center/pons
21
Q
Cerebral peduncles are located in ______ and have _____
A
Midbrain/ sensory &motor tracts
22
Q
The substantia nigra & red nucleus are located in the ____ and are responsible for _____.
A
Midbrain
involuntary skeletal muscle movement
23
Q
The corpa quadrigemina (tectum) is found in the _____ part of the ____. And has 4 round twin bodies responsible for _____.
A
Posterior/midbrain/involuntary movement of head
24
Q
The top bodies of the corpora quadrigemina (qua-dre-gem-ina) (tectum) are called _____. The bottom bodies of this are called ______. How do they differ?
A
Top:
superior colliculi
Moves head in response to visuals
Bottom:
Inferior colliculi
Moves head in response to audio
25
What parts of the midbrain are most likely damage in a person with Parkinson’s disease?
Substantia nigra & red nucleus
26
When you see something out of the corner of your eye while driving what part of the brain makes you turn to look?
Superior colliculi
27
(T or F) The midbrain actions are all voluntary
False! They're involuntary
28
Cerebellum helps with....
Coordination, balance & posture
29
Ataxia is damage to ___. That leads to ____.
Cerebellum/unbalance
30
What substance affects the cerebellum?
Alchohol
31
Without _____ the cerebellum won't work
Information
32
The input locations to the cerebellum are.....
Eyes joints, muscle positions, inner ear
33
Proprioceptors determine what
joint and muscle positions
34
The ____ canal has ____. its located in the _____ and sends information to the cerebellum about balance
Semicircular/ fluid/ inner ear
35
Information to and from cerebellum goes through ______
pons
36
The diencephalon consists of what 2 parts?
Thalamus & hypothalamus
37
The function of the thalamus is to _____
Relay sensory information to cerebral cortex
38
(T or F) Hypothalamus is located below thalamus
True!
39
The hypothalamus regulates what?
Hormones, body temperature, eating (hungry/full), drinking (thirst, quenched) and automatic nervous system
40
What determines our individualism, intelligence, personality, thoughts etc.
Cerebrum ( whole brain)
41
The cerebrum is divided into 2 parts called ___ & ____.
Left hemisphere & right hemisphere
42
The ___ & ____ part of the cerebrum represents folding
```
Gyrus = bumps
Sulcus = impressions
```
43
List the 5 lobes of the brain. Which are visible/ not?
Can see:
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital
Cant see:
5. Insula
44
Where is insula located?
Under/behind frontal & temporal lobe
45
The left & right hemisphere differ how>
```
Left= Analytical & language
Right= Imaginative
```
46
How does one measure brain waves?
EEG- Electroencephalogram scans
47
What are the 4 types of brain waves & what do they represent?
1. Alpha = awake/rest
2. Beta = awake/ active
3. Theta= stress/disorders
4. Delta = sleep
48
The 3 general parts of the cerebrum are .....
Outer gray, middle white, & inner gray
49
The inner gray has 2 part ___ & ____
Limbic system and basal nuclei
50
What are the functions of the limbic system?
- Responsible for emotions & moods, fear, anxiety, anger, jealousy, pleasure, affection, happiness, etc.
- Storage & retrieval of emotional memories
51
What are the 2 major parts of the limbic system?
Hippocampus & Amygdala
52
What is known as " your emotional brain"
Limbic system
53
What disorder is linked directly to the limbic system?
PTSD
54
(T or F) The basal nuclei is located below cortex and surface
True!
55
Functions of the basal nuclei are.....
1. Coordinates large automatic muscle movement
| 2. Regulates muscle tone
56
When you want to swing a baseball bat what coordinates that initiation of movement?
Basal nuclei
57
What is the neurotransmitter to the basal nuclei & substantia nigra
Dopamine
58
For normal movement you need ___ connecting to ____
Dopamine/ neurons
59
Lack of dopamine affects ___ and is linked to ___ disease
Movement/ Parkinson's
60
What color is something that is myelinated?
White
61
What is the middle white cerebrum made of?
Cerebral fibers
62
What makes up the cerebral fibers?
Myolinated axons
63
The 3 sections of the cerebral fibers that help for communication are... Where are they each located?
1. Commissural fibers:
- Links communications between the 2 hemispheres
- Cross mid line
2. Association fibers:
- Links communication on same side of hemisphere
- On left and right hemisphere
3. Projection fibers:
- Links superior & inferior communications on one hemisphere
- On left and right hemisphere
64
If the left and right brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?
Commissural fibers
65
If the superior and inferior brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?
Projection fibers
66
If the same side of the brain interact what part of the cerebral fibers are involved?
Association fibers
67
What is the the " white bridge" in the middle of the cerebral fibers called?
Corpus callosum
68
The outer grey of cerebrum is also called _____
Cerebral cortex
69
The highest part of the nervous system is the ______
Cerebral cortex/ outer gray
70
The highest functions of the human brain are located _____
Cerebral cortex
71
The cerebral cortex is divided into 3 parts functionally which are ___, ___, & ____
Sensory
Motor
Association
72
Central sulcus is located where? Describe it.
Des- Groove
| Loc- In superior superficial part of the cerebrum that extends from L to R temporal sides of head
73
List the 3 function categorizations of the cerebral cortex, their functions and locations
1. Sensory Areas/cortex:
Loc- posterior to central sulcus
Fun- Conscious sensations ( general =pain, special = sight, hear, smell)
2. Motor areas/ cortex:
Loc- Anterior to central sulcus
Fun- Conscious control of skeletal muscles
3. Association areas/ cortex:
Loc- Though-out all lobes
Fun- Read input data & coordinate motor response
74
Sensory areas of the cortex include which 6 parts? What senses do they each involve?
1. Primary sensory cortex = pain
2. Primary motor cortex = movement/ speech
3. Primary visual cortex = sight
4. Primary auditory cortex = hearing
5. Primary gustatory cortex = taste
6. Primary olfactory cortex = smell
75
The Broca area of the motor areas of the cortex does what?
Translates thoughts into speech
76
Next to the the primary sensory cortex is the ____ area, that holds memory of
Sensory association area/ pain memory
77
Next to the visual cortex is the ___ area, thats holds memory of _____.
Visual association are/ sight
78
Next to the primary motor cortex is the ____ area, that holds memory of ____.
premotor area/ movement memory
79
What are of the brain helps you learn to play the piano by memory?
Primary motor cortex
80
What area of the brain ( that people rarely use these days ) that helps one think before they speak?
Broca area/ speech center
81
Broca's aphasia is ____. And occurs when _____ is damaged
Prevents a person to speak/ Broca's arch is damaged
82
Typically Broca's area is located in the _____ hemisphere
Left
83
General interpretive area aka ______. Allows for _____.
Wernicke area/ interpretations of meanings of words
84
Wernicke's aphasia is a condition where one ____ & is due to damage of ____
Losses their ability to understand language/ wernickes area is damaged
85
The prefrontal cortex controls ____. and is located on ______
Judgement, reasoning, personality, intellect, complex learning/ both hemispheres
86
Parts of the ____ area are cut during a lobotomy
Prefrontal cortex
87
Stroke is ____ due to _____
Damage ( death) of cerebral cortex/ due to blood clot
88
What protects the spinal cord?
Skin, muscle, bone, meninges, fat, fluids & the blood-spinal cord barrier or BSCB
89
What is meninges, where is it located?
Connective tissues, layers around spinal cord
90
What are the 3 layers of meninges, & their locations?
1. Pia mater = inner most ( closest to axon)
2. Arachnoid mater= middle
3. Dura mater = outer most
91
Where is fat and fluids located around spinal cord
Spaces between meninges
92
What is found I the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
93
What is found in the subdural space?
Interstitial fluid
94
What is found in the epidural space?
Fat
95
Meningitis is....
Infections of meninges
96
An epidural is.....
Injection of anesthetic into epidural space
97
Spinal tap is.....
Removal of CSF from the subarachnoid space to be sent for testing
98
Another word for spinal tap is....
Lumbar puncture
99
The blood-spinal cord barrier is ____ and in it filter what comes in & out of it
Semipermeable
100
The blood- spinal cord barrier is surrounded by layers of ______
Astrocytes
101
What are the 2 ways to look at the spinal cord?
Longitudinally and cross sectionally
102
The spinal cord starts at the ____ and ends near the _____
starts- Foramen magnum ( hole in skull)
| end- conus medullar is ( L1/ L2)
103
What is also know as a " horse tail" ?
Cauda equina
104
In spinal nerves are ____ & ___ neurons..
Sensory neurons & motor neurons
105
_____ always go through back of the vertebra. Where as ____ go through the front.
Sensory neurons/ motor neurons
106
(?) Dorsal roots are found connecting the ____ to the skeleton
Vertebra
107
On a dorsal root is a nub/ball called the ____ that contains ____ of the sensory neurons
Ganglion/ cell bodies
108
Varcella- zoster virus causes____ initially which eventually leads to _____.
Chicken pox/ shingles
109
Ventral/ anterior roots are located in ____ of the ventral body. And have no ___ because the cell bodies of ____ neurons are located _____.
Anterior/ Ganglions/ Motor/ Ventral body
110
The gray area of ventral bodies are where ____ between neurons occurs
Synapses
111
The ____ of the spinal cord is the gray area
Horns
112
The ____ of the vertebral body looks like a butterfly
Gray area/horn
113
What re the parts of the gray area?
1. Posterior ( dorsal ) gray horn
2. Lateral gray horn
3. Anterior ( ventral ) gray horn
114
Polio causes ___ to be destroyed causing paralysis
Anterior gray horn
115
If lower spinal cord is affected by polio _____ occurs
respiratory neurons are blocked hence you become unable to breath alone
116
Columns of spinal cord refer to ____ colored areas. Horns of spinal cord refer to _____ colored areas.
```
Columns= white
Horns= gray
```
117
Why is the gray area gray and the white area white?
```
Gray = no myelin
White = myelinated
```
118
What are the functions of gray/horns vs white/columns in vertebrae
Gray/horns-
connections between neurons/ releases neurotransmitters
White/columns-
Racing information
119
What is found on white columns that helps race information?
Spinal tracts
120
Name parts of the white area:
2 lateral white columns:
dorsal white column
ventral white column
121
Anterior & posterior median sulcus are identified as _____
Grooves
122
Commissures are essentially ____. Theres ____ & _____ commissures
Bridges/ grey & white
123
Central canal is filled with _____
Cerebral spinal fluid ( CSF)
124
What divides the spinal nerves with spinal roots?
Intervertebral foramen
125
Dorsal roots hold____
Sensory neurons
126
Ventral roots hold
Motor neurons
127
Spinal nerves are located in what nervous system?
In peripheral nervous system ( where hols are) PNS
128
Spinal roots are located in ____
Central nervous system
129
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 Pairs
| 62 total nerves
130
List the 5 spinal nerves and # of pairs in each
1. Cervical nerves = 8 pairs
2. Thoracic nerves = 12 pairs
3. Lumbar nerves = 5 pairs
4. sacral nerves = 5 pairs
5. coccygeal nerves = 1 pair
131
Between the thoracic nerves and lumbar nerves is the ___ which is in the ____
Conus medullaris/ cord end
132
Cause equine is _____ located ____
Decent of nerve tissue/ roots of spinal nerves
| -last 11 cervical vertebra
133
Spinal nerves are surrounded by _____
Fascicles are nerves are surrounded by _____
Axons nerves are surrounded by _____
Spinal- epineurium
Fascicle - perineurium
Axon - endoneurium
134
Branches that extend from spinal nerves are called_____. And are _____
Rami/ Nerves
135
Which spinal nerves have communicate ramus?
Spinal nerves T1- L2
136
The dorsal vs ventral ramus
Dorsal
-Innervates skin & muscle nerves of posterior trunk
Ventral
-innervates skin& muscle nerves at arms, legs, & lateral/ interior trunk
137
What forms the nerve plexi?
Ventral ramus
138
Axons of numerous ventral ramuses forming nerves that innervates parts of the body are_____
Nerve plexi
139
No plexuses are located in the ___ area of the spine
Thoracic
140
What ventricle rami form the cervical plexus? Where are they located ?
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 (neck)
141
What ventricle rami form the lumbar plexus? What do they innervate?
L1, L2,L3,L4,L5,
| Innervates--> hip & Pelvis
142
Rami communicantes/ communicante ramus functions are ....
- helps direct ANS ( sympathetic) ( fight/flight response neurons
- Reaches internal organs- breath faster/slower etc
143
ANS sympathetic is the ___ response
fight-or-flight
144
Fight or flight neurons originate in which spinal nerves?
T1- L2
145
Spinal cord has 2 major functions ___ & ____
Connect to brain & refluxes
146
Spinal cord communicates with the brain via____. Which are located in ____ of the vertebral disc
Spinal tracts/ white columns
147
Ascending neurons to the brain are ___ neurons. Where as descending neurons from the brain are ___ neurons.
Ascending--> sensory
| Descending --> motor
148
Major ascending ( sensory) tracts include ____,_____,&____
Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Posterior spinothalamic
149
Major descending ( motor) tracts include 2 parts
Anterior corticospinal
| Lateral corticospinal
150
Fast predictable automatic response to changes in the env is called
Reflexes
151
The purpose of reflexes is
Protection
152
The 5 steps to reflexes are
1. Stimulation
2. Sensory neurons are activated
3. CNS processes info
4. Motor neuron activated
5. Response by effector
153
Major functions of the nervous system are
1. Collect sensory info
2. Analyze it
3. Directs appropriate motor responses to effectors ( ex. muscles and glands)
154
What does the nervous system the best at compared to all other systems?
Speed
155
Anatomical divisions fo the nervous system are ___ & ____. And each include what parts of the body and what are their functions?
1. CNS:
- Spinal cord & brain
- Process and coordinate intelligence, memory, learning, & emotions
2. PNS:
- All neuron tissue outside of the CNS
- Delivers sensory information to CNS & carries motor commands from CNS
156
There are ___ pairs of nerves in the PNS. ____ are cranial nerves and ____ are spinal nerves
43 in PNS
12 = Cranial
31= Spinal
157
Output motor information is divided into 2 responses. Which are voluntary/ involuntary?
```
Somatic = voluntary
Autonomic = involuntary
```
158
Automatic motor response is divided into ____ & _____. What are they A.K.A?
1. Sympathetic
- Fight or flight
2. Parasympathetic
- Rest and digest
159
What cells are involved with the nervous system? What do they do?
Neurons- Transmit electrical energy ( info)
Neroglia - supportive cells
160
Parts of a neuron are
1. Cell body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon
161
At the ends of axons are____. At the ends of these are _____.
Axon terminals/ synaptic end bulbs
162
(T or F) Nerve impulses can go in or out of neurons?
False! They can only flow out through axon terminal
163
List the 3 classifications of neurons based on their structure and functions are ..... Describe them
Function
1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
- Pain ( sensory neuron) carried to spinal cord
2. Motor ( afferent) neurons
- Motor ( response) carried out of spine
3. Association ( inter) neurons
Structure:
1. Multipolar neuron= many dendrites on both ends
2. Bipolar neuron = 2 sets of dendrites on both ends
3. Unipolar neuron = Dendrites only on one end
164
Neuroglia cells are _____. What are they capable and incapable of? How many types are there? Where are they located?
```
Supportive cells for neurons
Incapable of generating nerve impulse
Capable of cell division
6 total
4 in CNS
2 in PNS
```
165
List the 4 Neuroglia cells in the CNS. What do they do?
1. Astrocytes- protect neurons/ form BBB & BSCB (spinal cord)
2. Oligodendrocytes- Produce myelin for some CNS neurons
3. Microglia - destroys microbes
4. Epedymal cells- Produce & circulates CSF
166
The 2 Neuroglia cells in the PNS are____ & _____. What do they each do?
1. Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)- Produce myelin in some PNS neurons
2. Satellite cells- Support neurons in PNS
167
Neurons that are _____ are fastest
Myelinated
168
Neurolemmocytes are A.K.A
Schwann cells
169
Resting potential is A.KA. what? Describe it
Polarized membrane: Ions are on either side of membrane (+) = outside (-) = inside
170
Resting potential for a neuron is ____ milivolts
-70mV
171
Outside the membrane are ____ charged ____ ions. Inside are ____ charged _____& _____ charged ______
Outside= (+) sodium ions
Inside = (-) proteins & (+) potassium ions
172
What happens during graded potential?
(+) charged sodium moves into neuron making it less negative
173
What is graded potential measured at ?
-65
174
The importance of graded potential is
Moves neuron ( axon) closer to an action potentials (AP)
175
Axon potential is
A sequence of rapidly occurring events on the axon
176
Depolarizing and Repolarizing phases are when what happens to the millivolts? What plays a key role in each?
Depolarizing: millivolts jumps to +30 ( alota sodium)
Repolarizing: Millivolts quickly goes back to -70mV (potassium)
177
1st action potential occurs at the _____. A.K.A _____ of axon
Initial segment ( trigger zone)
178
A "threshold" is what millivolt? What happens once reached?
-55 mV
Full depolarizing occurs leading to depolarizing phase
This essentially defines " All or None" principle
179
Neuron stays at rest until it reaches ______
Threshold
180
Potassium channels are opened by _____
Volts
181
At -70 mV Na+ and K+ Chanels are ____ & ____. What stages are they each?
Closed & closed
Graded Potential stage
(nothing happens)
182
At +30 mV Na+ & K + channels are ____ & _____. What stages are they each?
Na+ = closed
K+= open
Action potential repolarized stage
183
At -55mV Na+ & K+ channels are ____ & ____.
Na+ = open
K+ = closed
Action potential depolarized
184
If graded potential sweeps in at -60 does anything happen?
No! It didn't reach -55 ( threshold)
185
What blocks voltage- gated sodium channels during a cavity filling?
(Novacain) Local anestetics
186
Exchange pump occurs after ____. And does what?
Action potential
| Exchanges Na+ from inside and K+ from outside to vice versa
187
What moves action potentials generated in axon hillock ?
Propagation ( conduction)
188
2 Methods of propagating action potential are ___ & _____. What are their speeds?
1. Continuous progation-
- Slow = unmeymlinated axon
2. Saltatory pronation
- Fast =myelinated axon
189
(T or F) The myelination process is quick!
False! It takes years & years for myelination to be complete
190
The 3 possible synapses are:
1. Neuromuscular junction - muscle
2. Neuroglandular juntion- gland
3. Neuroneuron junction- neuron
191
When you have 2 neurons that link one its called ____ & the other is called _____. Whats the name of this synapses?
Presynaptic neuron & postsynaptic neuron
| Neuroneuron junction
192
Describe a junction of nerves:
1. Nerve impulse arrives
2. Neurotransmitters are released
3. Neurotransmitters lock into receptor sites on post synaptic cell = effect
4. Neurotransmitters are removed
193
How are neurotransmitters released after nerve effect?
Enzyme diffusion, diffusion, & reuptake
194
2 types of neurotransmitters are ___ & ___. What do they do?
1. Excitatory= Moves post synaptic membrane towards threshold
2. Inhibitory= Moves the post synaptic membrane further away from threshold
195
The autonomic nervous system has special motor pathways to ____. ____ & _____ are controlled by the _____.
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glands
| Controlled by hypothalamus
196
Name the 2 neurons in the autonomic motor systems. What do they do? What is their meeting point called?
1. Preganglion
- Races out of CNS to ganglion
2. Postganglion
- Reaches organs & smooth ( smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, & glands)
Meeting point= ganglion
197
Where does the preganglion get its info? Where does the post ganglion get its info?
Pre- hypothalamus
| Post- Pre!
198
Where does the preganglionics start in spinal cord?
Between T1 & L2
199
(T or F) One preganglionic synapses only one post ganglionic
False! One pre can synapse 1,000 of post
