Exam #3 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Personality change occurs_____________
A
with redirection of persons psychic energy (Motivation)
2
Q
Psychic energy_____
A
motivates all human activity
3
Q
How does personality change?
A
Due to redirection of of psychic energy
4
Q
Basic instincts
A
strong innnate forces that provide all energy in psychics system.
5
Q
What are the two types of instincts
A
Life (libido); Death (Thanatos)
6
Q
Life (libido) (3)
A
- darwin’s theory of evolutionary sexual and survival
- self-preservation (survival)
- sexual instinct
7
Q
Death (Thanatos)
A
- humans have a fundamental instinct for destruction
- its a part of us to destroy
8
Q
Unconscious motivation
A
-there is a reason behind every act, thought and feeling is an expression of the mind (accidentally calling someone a different name)
9
Q
The human mind consists of 3 parts:
A
conscious
pre-conscious
unconscious
10
Q
conscious
A
contains all thoughts and feelings and perceptions that you are presently aware of.
-working memory
11
Q
preconscious
A
any piece of information that you are not presently thinking about but that could easily be retrieved and made conscious.
12
Q
unconscious
A
- unacceptable information hidden from conscious view.
- memories, feelings, thoughts, and urges are so troubling that being aware of them can make the person anxious.
- incest, hatred towards siblings
13
Q
psychic determinism
A
nothing happens by chance, things we do are due to unconscious motivation
-things we say in a fight, we say we don’t mean it but since you said it then there is some truth in there
14
Q
label the iceberg with the 3 parts of the mind along with the structures of personality
A
Conscious- ego
preconscious- superego
unconscious- ID.
15
Q
what are the 3 structures of personality
A
id
ego
superego
- deals with how we manage instincts (libido/death)
16
Q
ID
A
- we are born with it
- source of all drives and urges
- like the spoiled child
17
Q
ID: Pleasure principle
A
desire for immediate gratification; can’t tolerate delays in getting what it wants
18
Q
ID: Wish fulfillment
A
create a mental image or fantasy of object or person to satisfy needs.
19
Q
EGO
A
- age: 2-3
- deals with conflict btw the ID and Superego
- 2nd thought process
20
Q
EGO: Reality Principle
A
ids desires are in conflict with social norms; can’t eat cake cuz have to wear mask
21
Q
Superego
A
- dvp later in childhood (5)
- internalizes ideas, values, morals of society
- conscious: wants to enforce right and wrong (makes you feel guilty)
22
Q
What happens if you have a strong ego?
A
Low anxiety
23
Q
what happens if you have a weak ego?
A
greater anxiety; one side is in domination
24
Q
Types of anxiety
A
Objective
neurotic
moral
25
Objective anxiety
Real external threat to a person
- ex: loose job
- everyone should experience
26
Neurotic anxiety
direct conflict with btw id and ego
| -danger: ego may loose control over an unacceptable desire of id
27
Moral anxiety
- conflict btw ego and superego
- powerful superego
- person who suffers from bulimia will run 3 miles for eating something unhealthy
28
What it the function of an ego?
to cope w/ threats and to defend against dangers in order to reduce anxiety
29
How can you manage anxiety
defense mechanisms
30
types of defense mech (7)
```
repression
denial
discplacement
rationalization
reaction formation
projection
sublimation
```
31
Repression
preventing unacceptable thoughts from reaching conscious awareness
-not letting ID rise up to conscious thoughts
EX: having sexual thoughts of employee
32
Denial
believing that things are not the way they seem
-refusing to see facts
EX: don't believe in the diagnosis
33
Displacement
threatening impulse is channeled or redirected from its original source to a non threatening target.
EX: boss is yelling at you but you can't yell back so you go and yell at husband instead.
34
Rationalization
creating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might appear socially unacceptable
EX: If you failed a grade then you will say it is because the teacher did not give clear instructions
35
reaction formation
in an attempt to suppress an unacceptable urge person may display a behavior than indicates opposite impulse
EX: Girl with angry boss instead of displacing she will be overly kind to him.
36
Projection
sometimes we see in others traits and desires we find most upsetting in ourselves.
- when a person gets really upset about something it is often revealing their innermost insecurities
- EX: a person who always calls people stupid can be insecure about their intelligence.
37
sublimation
- adaptive defense mech
- channeling of unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities
- EX: chopping wood when you are angry
38
what is the difference btw repression and sublimation?
repression: you shove it down but could come up
Sublimation: you replace that urge
39
what does Freud argue about personality devlopment?
that all people pass through a series of stages in personality development
40
first three stages, young children must______
face and resolve specific conflicts
41
conflict revolves around_____
ways of obtaining sexual gratification (criticism)
42
what happens if a child fails to resolve a conflict at a certain stage?
they may get stuck in a stage or become fixated.
43
each successive stage represents___
a more mature mode of obtaining sexual gratification
44
oral stage. What years is it?
birth to 18 months
45
Oral stage: where are the main sources of pleasure and reduction?
mouth, lips, and tongue
46
ORAL STAGE: what is the key conflict?
Weaning; withdrawing from breast or bottle
47
ORAL STAGE: What happens if a person becomes fixated on this stage?
overeating; smoking; over-dependence of others
48
what are some criticisms of the oral stage?
Freud focused on europeans where breastfeeding could differ from cultures; people were sexually repressed.
49
Anal stage years?
18 months to 3 years
50
ANAL STAGE: how does the child obtain pleasure?
expelling feces; during toilet training, retaining feces
51
ANAL STAGE: Conflict
child's ability to achieve self-control
52
if the child has too much control?
take pleasure in small acts of self-control.
53
if child has too little control?
grow up to be sloppy and dirty
54
PHALIC STAGE: years
3-5
55
PHALIC STAGE: DISCOVERY
child discovers if he or she has penis
56
phalic stage: where is sexual desire directed toward?
parent of opposite sex
57
PHALLIC STAGE: produces what conflicts?
oedipal (kills dad marrys mom)
Electra:
58
PHALLIC STAGE: unconscious wish?
to have opposite-sex parents all to self by eliminating same sex-parent
59
PHALIC STAGE: resolution
because the boy fears the father might cut off his feeling he gives up his sexual desire and tries to become like daddy who had mommy
60
Latency stage: years
6 years to puberty
61
LATENCY STAGE: little___
| What is the focus of the child
little psychological dvp occurs
| -focus on child is on learning skills and abilities necessary to succeed as adult
62
GENITAL STAGE: YEARS
puberty through adult life
63
GENITAL STAGE:
- What is the libido focused on?
- conflict?
- people reach this stage only if?
- genitals
- not accompanied by a specific conflict
- only if conflicts are resolved at previous stages
64
what is psychoanalysis
method of psychotherapy (talk therapy)
65
what is the goal of psychoanalysis?
to make unconscious conscious
66
what was the first aim of psychoanalysis?
to identify unconscious thoughts and feelings
67
once a patient is aware of this material what is the second aim?
enable the person to deal with it realistically and maturely
68
PSYCHOANALYSIS: techniques for revealing the unconscious
free association
dream analysis
projective techniques
69
free association
relax, sit back and let your mind wander, say whatever comes to mind
70
dream analysis
content of dream represents other unconscious (drowning -overwhelmed)
71
projective tech
exposed to stimuli that are ambiguous (ink blot), asked what you see and that says a lot about unconscious
72
interpretation and insight
therapies help patients get insight into unconscious problems
73
Difficulties in process
- patient resistance
- patient transference
- repetition compulsion
74
patient resistance
patients set up obstacles to progress
75
patient transference
patient treats therapist as if that's an important relationship
76
repetition compulsion
person reenacts their interpersonal problems with new people
77
why is psychoanalysis important? what does it continue to influence
- modern psychotherapy
- research topics including unconscious and defense mechanisms
- popular western culture
78
why is another reason psychoanalysis important?
laid foundation for topics and questions that psychologist still interested today
79
what are some critisims
it is historical value and does not directly inform much current personality research
80
CRITICISIM: what did Freud not believe in
value of experimentation or hypothesis testing in establishing validity of psychoanalysis
81
CRITICISM: what did Freud rely on? who did his theory focus on?
- case studies of a select group of wealthy women to generate his theory of human nature
- focus on children but he rarely observed children
82
CRITICISM: does not meet criteria for what?
scientific theory; not falsifiable, parsimonious, not productive
83
what is the first postulate psychoanalysis?
unconscious play a large role in life but influence is limited
84
what is the 2nd postulate of psychoanalysis?
behavior reflects compromises in conflict btw mental processes
85
what is the 3rd?
childhood plays an important role in personality dvp and adult relationships styles
86
what is the 4th?
mental representations of self and others guide interactions with others
87
final postulate?
perso dvp involves moving from an immature socially dvp way of relating to others to a mature, independent style
88
what does loftus argue about false memories?
that we must be aware of processes that contribute to the construction of false memories
89
what are some ways people are influenced to have false memories?
popular press
| therapy techniques
90
popular press EX:
for those who dont have memories of abuse, these books often provide strong suggestions of abuse
91
Therapy tech: hypnosis
distorts memories rather than help it,
92
therapy technique: therapist behavior EX:
women's therapist claims her depression is due to childhood sexual abuse but she says she does not remember that
93
Therapy techniques: imagination inflation effect
when a memory is elaborated upon through imagination leading the person to confuse the imagined events with events that actually happened
EX: by showing people an advertisement suggesting they shook hands with mickey those people later had a higher confidence that they personally shook hands with mickey
94
therapy technique: confirmatory bias
tendency to look only for evidence that confirmes their previous hunch and not look for evidence that might disconfirm their belief
95
cognitive unconscious versus motivated unconscious
cognitive: not thinking about thoughts
Motivated: desires
96
priming
any thoughts from one sit to the next situation ( TWI TWU so you pronounce two like TWOO)
97
What does rs on subliminal perception indicate?
that unconscious info does not influence peoples motivations
98
what did erik erikson emphasize about the ego?
ego is powerful and an independent part of perso
99
what is the goal of the ego?
establish secure identity (sense of self)
100
what produces when there is difficulty establishing identity
identity crisis
101
crises are what in nature?
social not sexual
102
erikson's 8 stages of dvp: Trust vs Mistrust
Trust: if children are well taken care of (food, clothes, love) then they will have trust in their parents, and later in the future, they will think people are trustable.
Mistrust: if infants dont get that love then when they grow up they wont have trust in others and isolation, social discomfort
103
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
autonomy: when a child has a sense of control they become confident and have a sense of autonomy
shame: if parent is too strict it hinder childs natural urge to explore; grows up doubting their ability to get along with others
104
initiative vs. guilt
initiative: if kids have sense of initiative it translates to ambition and goal-seeking
guilt: if children dont have that they become resigned to failure or to not even take the initiative to pursue goals
105
industry vs. inferiority
industry: feeling as if they can work to achieve what they want makes them productive later in life
inferiority: if have lots of failed experiences they will feel like they don't have the talent or ability to get ahead in life.
106
identity vs. role confusion
identity: people make decisions about what is important and what they value and they acquire a sense of who they are and achieve a degree of consistent self understanding
role confusion: those who fail this stage have role confusion and enter adulthood without a solid sense of who they are or what they think the meaning of their life is. these people bounce from relationships jobs
107
Identity vs. Role Confusion
| -identity foreclosure
if a person does not have a crisis or if they form an identity w/o exploring alternatives like accepting the values of parents.
108
Identity vs. Role Confusion
| -moratorium
taking time to explore options before making a commitment to an identity
109
intimacy vs. isolation
intimacy: people grow emotionally and develop into carrying nurturing providing adults
isolation: result of failure to find/maintain intimacy. impairment to one's happiness and life satisfaction
110
Generativity vs. Stagnation
generativity: if they achieved what they wanted to (career or family)
stagnation: people feel they don't matter and don't care how it all turns out
111
Integrity vs. Despair
integrity: if we can take some satisfaction with what we have accomplished in life then we can face death with integrity
despair: if we are unsatisfied with life we experience despair
112
what theory did Karney Horney revise?
penis envy: penis is a symbol of social power rather than an organ that women desire to have
113
karen horney highlighted____
the influence of the culture on personality dvp
114
fear of success accounts for what?
gender diff in response to competition and achievement situations
or could be fear of consequenes
115
ego psychology emphasizes what?
role of identity which is experienced by a person as a sense of self
116
narcissism
inflated self-admiration and constant attempts to draw attention to self and keep others focused on self
117
narcissistic paradox
although a narcist has high self-esteem they may have doubts about their own worth as a person
118
objections relation theory
emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood
119
what are some assumptions of object relations theory
importance of dvping relationships with significant others especially parents and siblings
-others (mother) become internalized by child
-
120
what are some assumptions of object:
what is the 1st social attachment an infant dvps?
they form prototypes for all future meaningful relationships
121
what are two attachment researchers and their contribution
Bowlby- separation anxiety
Ainsworth- strange situation procedure
122
separation anxiety
children become agitated and distressed when mom leaves and only calm down if mom returns
123
strange situation procedure
mom and child enter the room and the child plays. stranger walks in and mom leaves. mom comes back and stranger leaves
124
strange situation procedure
| -attachment patterns
securely
- avoidantly
- ambivalently
125
securely attached
endured the separation and kept playing with toys even interacted with a stranger. when mom came back they were happy and continued playing. they felt confident mom would return.
126
avoidantly attached
avoided mothers when they returned. didnt care when they left or when they came back
127
ambivalently attached
the child was very anxious about mom leaving. child was very difficult calm when mom was not there. when mom returned child was angry; wanted to be held but also squirming around
128
early childhood attachment: working models
these early experiences and reactions of infant to parent become working models for later adult relationships. if child experiences they are not wanted then, later on, they will think no one else wants them
129
adult relationships: secure
they can trust their partners; yes we can have separate vacations
130
adult relationships: avoidant
they want space; don't rely on partners
131
adult relationships: ambivalent
worried when the partner is not around; clingy; jealous
132
Motives
internal state that arouses and directs beh toward a specific object or goal
133
what are motives caused by
a deficit, lack of something
| EX: if a person has not eaten they are motivated by hunger
134
how can motives differ
type and amount
135
motives are based on__
needs
136
needs
state of tension within a person
137
as a need is satisfied the tension
reduces
138
hierarchy of needs
within each of us, we have a hierarchy, for some sleep is less of a priority
139
states vs. traits
states: are not permanent, you can be hungry now and not later
traits: measuring a person's average tendency, or set point on specific trait
140
motives propel people to _____ that satisfies___
think, act, perceive, in specific ways; needs
141
dynamic
motives change over time; at 20 you may have high need of achievement but at 60's no longer achievement but to connect
142
pres
need for affiliation won't be an issue unless the envio doesn't help. EX: when you go to a place with no bathroom now the only thing your thinking about is using it
143
how are motives similar to disposition
1. peeps differ in type and amount
2. differences are measurable
3. differences cause or are associated with important life outcomes (business success)
4. diff can be stable over time
5. explain why people do the things they do
144
fundamental human needs
| each need is associated with
1. specific desire or intention
2. a particular set of emotions
3. specific action tendencies
4. can be described with trait needs
1. avoid harm
2. fear
3. avoid situations that produce fear
4. conflict-avoidant
145
two types of press
alpha: real reality
beta: perceived reality
146
deficit, need, motive of hunger
d: did not eat
need: food
motive: hunger
leads to thinking about food or getting up and go buying some
147
Apperception
act of interpreting and perceiving meaning in envio
148
Big three motives
achievement
power
intimacy
149
Need for achievement
desire to do better to be successful and to feel competent
150
Those who have a higher need for achievement:
- Prefer activities that offer some but not too much challenge
- Prefer tasks where they can give feedback
151
Gender differences in need for achievement
- Males who have supportive childhoods have higher nAch
- females who were less affectioned in childhood were higher nAch
- men: focused on achievement with business life outcome
- Women: achievement focused on family and work goals.
152
Promoting achievement motivation (what are the 2 ways)
certain parental behaviors can promote high achievement motivation in children.
- independence training
- setting challenging standards for children
153
independence training
training a child to be more independent in various tasks of life promotes a sense of mastery and confidence in a child. (taught to feed early)
154
Setting challenging standards
parents provide goals that challenge child, support child in working toward these goals, and reward child when goal is attained
155
Need for power
readiness or preference for having an impact on other people (having some achievement over others peoples outcomes)
156
People with high power:
- interested in controlling situations and controlling others
- dont deal with frustration and conflict, show strong stress responses, including high BP
157
Gender differences in NPow
Men: ideal wives are those who are under mens control. Higher in NPow are more likely to abuse their power.
-impulsive and aggressive behavior
158
Need for Intimacy (nInt)
recurrent preferences for or readiness for or warm, close, communicative, interactions with others
159
People with high nInt
- spend more time during the during the day thinking about relationships
- report more pleasant emotions when around other people
- smile, laugh, make more eye contact
- start up conversations more frequently and write more letters
160
need for nInt: Gender differences
W: taught to think more about relationships
-associated with happiness and life satisfaction
M: high on NInt, less strain in life, lower stress levels.
161
Humanistic tradition: emphasis on:
- is on the conscious awareness of needs and choices and personal responsibility
- is on the human need for growth and realizing one's full potential
162
Human nature is____
- (+) and life-affirming
- focus on growth instead of deficiency
- self-actualization (to become everything that one is capable of becoming)
163
Maslows contributions: Hierarchy of needs:
Psychiological: basic but important (food, water, sleep)
Safety: need to feel safe
belonginess: being connected to other people
esteem: feeling good about one seld
Self-act: able to reach ones full potnetial and growth
164
Lower needs__
- must be satisfied before we can proceed to higher needs
| - need heiracty emerges during development, wiht lower needs emerging earlier in life than higher needs
165
order of hierarchy of needs:
```
Self act
esteem
social needs
safety
psycholoigical
```
166
characteristics of self-actualized persons
```
spontaneous
problem centered
affinity for solitude
democratic valeus
creativity
```
167
research findings
(-) reactions were strongest when subjects thought about not attaining lower goals
-acquiring esteem from others makes one feel better about oneself than having food
168
Rogers contributions
focused on ways to foster and attain self-act
169
fully functioning person:
can move toward self-act, youre not actualized but you have the ability
-things in the past dont interfere
170
positive regard
all children want to be born wanting to be loved and accepted by parents and others
171
positive regard: conditions of worth
requirements set forth by parents for earning their positive regard
172
conditional positive regard
when it must be earned by meeting certain conditions
173
unconditional postive regard
when parents accept child without conditions; communicating to the child that they love them
174
client-centered therapy
designated to get a person back on path toward self-act
175
3 conditions for therapeutic process
- genuine acceptance
- unconditional postive regard for client (seeing value in client, not judgy)
- empathetic understanding(seeing it from their perspective)
176
Personality revealed through perception: field dependence- independence
field independent, people have the ability to focus on details despite the clutter of back ground info
177
measures to assess field-dependence
Rod and frame test (RFT)
embedded figure test
178
results of EFT
field independent: find items faster; overall pic does not interfere with observing details
field dependent: focus more on larger pic
179
Field dependence-independence and life choices
Education
INDEP: natural science, math, engineering
field dep: social science, education
180
interpersonal relations
indep: interpersonally detached
dep: oriented to others
181
current research
distracting info:
| type of instructional envio
182
PERCEPTION: Pain tolerance- Reducer/ augumenter theory
peeps who have lower pain tolerance have a nervous system that's is amplified or augmented by subjective input (more effective by input)
peeps have a higher pain tolerance have a nervous system that dampens or reduced the effects of sensory info
183
how did they measure pain tolerance
ice water or use weights
184
Reducers:
- seek strong stimulation (drugs)
| - report getting bored easier
185
INTERPRETATION
Locus of control
| learned helplessness
186
locus of control
persons perception of responsibility for the events of his or her life
187
Link to eyskenk theory
individual differences in how they respond to stimuli
188
generalized vs. specific expectancies
gen: person expectations for a reinforcement held across a variety of situations
189
internal vs. external
external: events are outside of ones control (failed test: other people distract me)
internal: reinforcing events are under one's control and that one is responsible for the major outcomes ( failed test: I should have studied earlier)
190
Learned helplessness
how people interpret the world
191
Learned helplessness: animal rs
dogs were placed in cages with grid and electric currents when they got uncomfortable they moved to the side that wasn't shocking
- they shocked both sides and they could not escape
- they go back to turning off one side but they stay where they are because they learned that no matter where they go it will shock on both sides
192
Learned helplessness: humans
- participants are given problems to solve and they can avoid or turn off the noise
- problems are too hard to solve
- they now give them problems to solve that are not easy but they don't even try because they learned that what is the point in trying if they too hard
193
Learned helplessness: Explanatory style
refer to the tendencies some people have to frequently use certain explanations for causes of events
194
Learned helplessness: Explanatory style
| External vs. internal
external: causes are due to outside things
internal: causes are due to me
195
Learned helplessness: Explanatory style
| stable vs. unstable
stable- individual believes causes are consistent across TIME (writing skill)
unstable: causes are specific to this one point in time (dog eats hw one time)
196
Learned helplessness: Explanatory style
| global vs. specific
global: causes are consistent across SITUATIONS (all areas involving intellectual skills)
Specific: causes are unique to SITUATIONS (writing papers)
197
Learned helplessness: Explanatory style
| Pessimistic vs. optimistic
pessimistic: puts a person at risk for feelings of helplessness and poor adjustment: INTERNAL, STABLE, GLOBAL
causes for bad events
optimistic: external, unstable, specific
198
those with higher power structure are
internal: achievement oriented, better-paying jobs,
only true of the internals are confident, self-efficacy, and have opportunity
if not those then those internals are anxious.
199
as you age..
you shift from external to internal
200
males...
more internal than females
