Exam #4 Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
Components of the self (3)
A
self concept
self esteem
social identity
2
Q
Self-concept (defintion)
A
the way a person sees, understands, and defines themselves (basis for self-understanding; answers questions of who am I)
3
Q
Functions of the self-concept (4)
A
- organizes add interprets personal experiences (info processing)
- regulates our thoughts and feelings.
- controls our social world by managing impressions (if you like a whataburger and texan they will feel + about you.
- assess competence, verifies self-conceptions and enhances self.
4
Q
Development: Infant
A
self-awarness of ones own body
-child learns somethings are always there (body) and somethings not (mothers breast)
5
Q
Development: Infant
-Self-awareness two types
A
subjective: self Is separate from others.
Objective: ability to see yourself as an object of others attention
6
Q
Development: 2-3 years (3)
A
- identify sex and age
- self includes reference to family (Sarah’s brother)
- “look at me” behaviors “I can do it)
7
Q
Development: 3-4 (3)
A
self concept based on developing skills and talents
-talking non-stop
learning to tie shoe, colors, ABC’s
8
Q
Development: 5-6
A
- social comparison (evaluation of one’s self or ones performance in terms of a comparison with a reference group “am I faster, smarter”
- dvp of private self concept (elements kids keep to them self- having secretes; don’t have to tell people everything; bye thoughts are my own)
9
Q
Development: Teen years (2)
A
perspective taking: being able to take perspectives of others (putting yourself in someone else shoes)
objective self awareness:
10
Q
symbolic self-awareness
A
ability to form abstract representations of the self through language connected with knowing death is inevitable.
11
Q
Schema
A
cognitive representation of something (schema of what a chair is, pen)
12
Q
possible selves
A
guide behavior, how we can see selves
schemas for self in the future.
13
Q
self-schema
A
cognitive representation of the self
14
Q
Actual selves
A
currently thinking of who am I
15
Q
HIGGINS: Ideal self
A
who I would like to become
promotion focus (something I want to achieve)
16
Q
HIGGINS: Ought self
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expectations people put on us (they would like for you to have more patience
Prevention focus: want to stop guilt; avoiding people
17
Q
HIGGINS: self-discrepancy
A
ideal/actual: leads to dissapointment
ought/actual: leads to guilt (can’t spend more time)
18
Q
Evaluation of one’s self-esteem (Definition)
A
General evaluation of yourself concept along a good/bad or like/dislike dimension.
19
Q
how can self-esteem vary?
A
- day to day, hour to hour but always around some average level of self-esteem.
20
Q
Average level can___
A
fluctuate in predictable ways
21
Q
People can evaluate themselves differently in__
A
different areas of life or different aspects of self
22
Q
global vs context-specific self-esteem
A
I generally feel good about myself but in specific things, i don’t (athletics, only if I care)
23
Q
How is S.E. ranked
A
low (actually is moderate since no one ranks themselves that low)
high
it is not on a continuum.
24
Q
Failure feedback procedure
A
participants are given a task or test and later are told “you did not do well as other people” (failure feedback) and then are given another task
25
Failure feedback results
lower self-esteem people performed poorly on the second task
higher self-esteem people worked harder on next task
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s.e. also affects____
motivation
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What are high and low S.E. concerned with
High: with projecting successful, prosperous, and thriving self-image
low: with avoiding failure (motivated to try not to fail)
28
self-complexity
how many of the roles i have do i value (student, lover, employee)
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self-complexity results
the more roles I value the higher self-complexity i have
-if i fail in one area then it does not have much of an affect on my self-esteem (i failed a test well at least I'm a good athlete)
30
gender diff: self-complexity
M; find their worth in career
W: value rs
-M: take a harder hit when they fail a career
31
Protecting Vs. Enhancing the self.
high self esteem enhance behavior
low self-esteem protect their behavior
32
Protecting Vs. Enhancing the self: Defensive mechanisim (benefit, disadvatange)
people go into situations expexting to far (tests, interviews)
Benfit: if I fail I don't feel any worse
if I don't fail then I feel great because I didn't study but still passed
33
Protecting Vs. Enhancing the self: Self handicapping
(active)
I'm doing things to make it likely to fail
-external attribution( well I didn't even try)
34
Self-esteem variability
individual difference characteristic that refers to the magnitude of short-term fluctuations in s.e.
usually have smaller shift in s.e. but others are more dramatic
if it was a good shift: they feel on top of the world
if it was a bad shift: they feel miserable.
35
self-esteem variability is thought to be...
result from particular vulnerability of a persons self-work to events of everyday life
36
Generational shifts
Twenge: self-esteem increased over the years.
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self-estem myths: what does it promote
high s.e. promotes success in school, career success
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self-estem myths: Association btw
high association btw self-esteem and (+) charac
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self-estem myths: makes a person
high self esteem; likable
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self-estem myths: low self-esteem
puts a person at risk for frug and alcohol abuse
only low s.e. are aggressive
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self-estem myths: implications
lack of understanding that s.e. is an outcome not a cause
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self-estem myths: baumiester
self control produces (+) outcomes we had hoped to self-esteem would produce
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Social Identity
is the self we want to show to others includes gender psychical characters like
height
-used to create impressions
44
how is social identity different form self concept
social identity is what is publicly available (attitudes, beliefs in self-concept that don't let others know (prejudiced)
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nature of identity
identity provides the social definition of a person refers to social knowledge or what others think of a person
-we can misinterpret how they view us (perception)
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identity has two key features
continuity
| contrast
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*continuity
people can't count on you to be the same person you were today
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*contrast
social identity differentiates you from others and makes you unique I'm eyes of others
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identity development can be achieved by:
experimenting with different identities (clothes, major, activities)
adopting a ready made social role(stay at home mom)
50
identity crisis refers to
coined by Erickson identity crisis; to the anxiety that accompanies efforts to define or redefine ones individuality or social reputation.
-not what I anticipated (what should I major in, looking for a new social group)
51
when can identity crisis occur
anytime but more likely in adolescence (what should I major in)
or middles adulthood (kids are leaving home)
52
Baumiester argues for two distinct types of identity crisis:
identity deficit
| identity conflict
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two distinct types of identity crisis: Identity deficit
arises when a person hasn't formed adequate identity and thus has trouble making major decions
-occurs when discards values (values you come with are probably your parents)
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two distinct types of identity crisis: Idenity conflict
2 goals want to meet but in conflict with one another
Family/ work life (wanna be a great dad but also have to work to provide)
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what do the 2 types of identity crisis create
guilt
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resolving identity crisis whether adolescent or adulthood involves 2 steps:
1) person decides which values are most important to him
| 2) person transforms abstract values into desires and behaviors (turn into specific behavior, pick CJ or Psych)
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Three mechanisms of social interaction
selection
evocation
manipulation
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selection of a marriage partner: what did they find was the most favored characteristic
-mutual attraction and love
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selection
situations we get into
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evocation
what bet do I pull out of others
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manipulation
how do I alter change their behavior
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selection of a marriage partner: what is the most important perso charac (3)
dependable charac
emotional stability
pleasing dispostion
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Attraction similarity theory
people like others who have similar personality characteristics
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Attraction similarity theory: assortative mating
positive correlation caused by:
- active selection of mates who are similar
- by-products of other casual processes
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Botwin: Correlations are consistently positive (5)
- + corr are due to social preferneces based on pero charac of those doing the selecting
- corr btw preferences for ideal and actual perso charac in a mate
- partners perso had a large effect on marital satisfaction
- agreeableness (fewer conflicts) emotional stability (jealous) Openess (willing to do things they like
- but diff in scores btw partners perso and ones ideal for that perso did not predict happiness
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Selective breakup of couples: Violation of desire theory
those married to partners who lack desired charac will more frequently dissolve the marriage
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Selective breakup of couples: Emotional stability
most significant predictor of marital instability and divorce followed by:
```
Low conscientiousness (low impulse control)
low agreeblness (more conflicts)
```
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Entry into situations: Shyness
avoid social situations
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Entry into situations: empathy
volunteer for community activities (how they do it)
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Entry into situations: Psychotosicim
chose more volatile and spontaneous situations
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Entry into situations: Machiavellenisim
prefer face to face situations because these offer a better chance to ply their social manipulative skills to exploit others
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Entry into situations: Sensation seeking
engage in a variety of risky beh (skydiving)
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Evocation
perso charac of others evoke responses in us
-own perso charac evoke responses in others
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once we select others to occupy our social Envio...
2nd class of processes set into motion- evocation of reactions from others and evocation of our own reaction by others
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evocation of hostility
aggressive people evoke hostility from others
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hostile attributional bias:
tendency to infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain beh of others
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because they expect others to be hostile..
aggressive people treat others aggressively. people treated aggressively tend to aggress back
so hostility from others is evoked by an aggressive person
78
evocation of anger and upset in partners (2)
person can perform actions that cause an emotional response in a partner
person can elicit actions from another that upset the original elicitor
79
study by buss: role of perso on evocation of anger and upset in marreid couples
- assessed perso charac of husbands and wives
| - strongest predictors of upset are low agreeableness and emotional instability
80
evocation through expectancy confirmation:
I expect something out of others that produce that beh in others
81
expectancy confirmation: self-fulfilling prophecy
I am producing beh based on my belief (i think they are talkative so i talk)
82
behavioral confirmation
when I confirm what i suspected
83
Snyder and Swann
people beliefs led them behave in an aggressive manner toward an unsuspecting target then the target behaved in a more aggressive manner confirming initial beliefs
84
Maniplation
manipulation or social influence includes ways in which people intentionally alter, change, or exploit others
85
Manipulation can be examined from two perspectives within personality psychology
- are some individuals consistently more manipulative than others
- given that all people attempt to influence others, do stable person charac predict tactics that are used?
86
A Taxonomy of 11 tactics of manipulation: Dvp through a 2-step procedure
- nominations of acts of influence
| - factor analysis of self-reports and observer reports of nominated acts
87
Tactics of manipulation: Sex differences
with exception of regression (crying and whining) men and women are similar in performance of tactics of manipulation
88
what are the 11 tactics of manipulation
```
-charm
coercion
silent treatment
reason
regression (whining)
self-abasment
responsibility invocation
-hardball
-pleasure induction
-social comparison
-monetary reward
```
89
personality predictors of tactics: Extraversion
high: coercion, responsibility invocation
low: self-abasement, hardball
90
personality predictors of tactics: agreeablness
high: pleasure induction, reason
Low: coercion, silent treatment
91
personality predictors of tactics: conscientiousness
high: reason
92
personality predictors of tactics: emotionally unstable
use a variety of tactics to manipulate others but the most common one is regression
93
personality predictors of tactics: intellect-openess
high: reason, pleasure induction, responsibility invocation
low: social comparison
94
Machievellianisim
manipulative strategy of social interaction, person style that uses other people as tools for personal gain
95
people who score high on mach (3)
1. select situations that are loosely structured, untethered by rules that restrict the deployment of exploitive strategy
2. evoke specific reaction from others such as anger and retaliation for having been exploited
3. influence or manipulate others in predictable ways, using tactics that are exploitive, self-serving, and deceptive
96
Narcism and social interaction
those high on narc are exhibitionistic, grandiose, self-centers, interpersonally exploitive
97
selection:
associate with people who admire them, who will reflect positive view they hold of themselves
98
evocation
exhibitionisim splits people- some view them as brilliant others as selfish and borish
99
manipulation
highly exploitive of others
100
Culture
local within group similarities and btw-group differences of any sort- physical, psychological, behavioral, attitudinal
101
cultural diff are termed cultural variations: (aspects)
- some aspects of person are highly variable across cultures
| - other aspects are universal- features are shared by people everywhere
102
culture personality has three goals:
discover principles underlying cultural diversity
- discover how human psych shapes culture
- discover how cultural understandings shape psychology
103
three major approaches to culture
- evoked
- transmitted
- cultural universals
104
evoked culture
way of considering cult that concentrates on phenomena that are triggered in diff envio conditions
105
two ingredients Arte needed to explain evoked cult
- universal underlying mech (sweat glands by all people)
| - envio diff in activation of underlying mechinisim
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food sharing example: high variance conditions
you share your meat today with an unlucky hunter and next week he will share meet with you. Benefits of sharing food increase under conditions of high variance
107
child-rearing practices and marital rs evoke____
sexual strategies in children
108
early experiences and evoked mating strategies: china, Sweden
china_ marriages are lasting, divorces are rare and parents invest heavily in children- high value on chastity and virginity
sweden: divorce is more common, more children are born outside of marriages, fewer investing fathers, low value on chastity virginity
109
Evoked aggression: culture of honor
insults are viewed as highly offensive public challenges which must be met with confrontation and physical aggression
110
evoked aggression evokes in..
herding cultures- where it is necessary to protect stock which could be stolen
111
southern cult of honor:
- homicide statistics differ by region of country
| - experimental responses to insults differ by region
112
transmitted culture
representation(ideas, beliefs) that exist originally in at least on person' mind that are transmitted to other minds through observation or interaction with the original person
113
culture diff in moral values
many moral values are specific to particular cult and are likely to be examples of transmitted cults
114
Self-concept: Markus and Kitayama- each person has 2 fundamental cultural tasks
1. interdependence: how people interact with or attach to others
2. independence: differentiate the self from others
115
culture appears to differ in how they balance these 2 tasks (non-western; western)
Impact of ....
1. non western asian cult focused on interdependence
- western cults focused more on independence
- impact of acculturation (process of adapting to the ways of life in ones new culture)
116
criticisms of cross culture
-not generalizable
| -
117
self-enhancement
tendency to describe and present oneself using positive or socially valued attributes such as kind, intelligent
118
North Americans relative to asians maintain
positive evaluation of self
119
two explanations for cultural diff
- asians are engaging in impression management and any difference is not real
- cultural diff are accurate and reflect participants different self-concepts this has empirical support
120
self-enhancement occurs across
all cultures
121
social class may have an effect on personality
- higher social class-importance of self-direction and nonconformity
- lower social class: emphasize importance of obedience to authority
122
historical era may have and effect on __
perso; great depression made savers
123
cultural universals: significant cross-cultural similarity
M: active loud aggressive
W: affectionate nervous modest
124
expression of emotion
sad, happy, fear, surprised, disgust, grief, contempt
125
personality evaluation:
dominance and warmth (used cross culture to describe people
126
five factor model
4 or 5 may be universal (extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness)
127
Models of the personality illness connection:
```
interactional
transactional
health behavior
predisposition
illness behavior
```
128
interactional model
objective events happen to a person but personality determines the impact of events by influencing a persons ability to copy
129
interactional model:(2)
1. perso moderates the relation between stress and illness
| 2. coping response influences degree, duration, and the frequency of a succesful event
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interactional model: problem
rs are unable to identify stable coping responses that are consistently adaptive or maladaptive
131
interactional model graph
1. events capable of producing stress
2. coping stress (personality)
3. physiological arousal
4. illness
132
Transactional model: perso has three potential effects
can influence coping
can influence how a person appraises events
can influence events themselves
133
Transactional model: stress is caused by___
how a person interprets events
134
Transactional model: people do not just...
respond to situations they also create situations through choices and actions (ex: in a car crash because left late for work)
135
health behavior models
perso does not directly influence the relation btw stress and illness. instead, perso affects health indirectly through health-promoting or health degrading behaviors
136
predisposition model
-associations may exist btw perso and illness because of some predisposition that is causing them both
137
predisposition model: association found btw
illness and perso because of some predisposition that underlies them both
138
predisposition model: 2 ways
- genetic predispostions
| - reactive sympathetic nervous system produces both neuroticism and illness
139
illness behavior model
perso influences the degree to which a person perceives and attends to bodily sensations and the degree to which a person interprets and labels sensations as illness
140
common theme in models
- most models of perso and illnes includes a key variable stress
- stress is not out there in our lives, representing something that happens to us.
- instead, stress lies in how we interpret and respond to those events
- this stress lies in btw the event and the person
141
concept of sress
stress is a subjective feeling produced by events perceived as uncontrollable and threatning
142
stressors (3)
- (events that cause stress)
- events that lead to stress and have several common attributes
- stressors can produce a state of feeling overwhelmed
- produce opposing tendencies in us such as wanting and not wanting some activity or object
143
stressors percived as
uncontrollable
144
stress response: physiological response
sympathetic nervous system activity (fight or flight)
- arousal (sweating)
- hormonal release (cortisol)
145
stress response: general adaptation syndrome (GAS) stages
alarm stage: fight or flight
resistance
exhaustion
146
resistance stage
body uses resources at above-average rate even though fight or flight response subsided
147
exhasuation stage
more susceptible to illness because physiological resources are depleted
148
types of stressors
major life events
| daily hassles
149
types of stressors: major life events (+,-)
```
+= getting marries
-= death of a spouse
```
150
major life events: people who experience most stress..
are more likely to have a serious illness over the next year
151
major life events: people who experience most stress.. (2)
people under chronic stress deplete bodily resources and become more vulnerable to infections
-stress lowers the functioning of the immune system leading to lowered immunity to infection and resulting in illness
152
Daily hassles (2)
- provide most stress in most peoples lives
| - rs indicates that people with a lot of minor stress suffer more from psychological and physical response
153
Varieties of stressors (4)
acute
episodic acute
traumatic
chronic
-stress has addictive effects cumulating in a person over time
154
acute
results from sudden onset of demands and is experienced with headaches and upset stomachs
155
episodic acute stress
repeated episodes (weekend job); having to meet a monthly deadline. lead tp migraines anxiety, deprresion
156
traumatic stress
witnessing life-threatening events (terrorist) comes with nightmares, difficulty sleeping, flasbacks
157
chronic
last more than 6 months; stress that does not end.
158
primary and secondary appraisal
stress is the subjective reaction of a person to potential stressors
159
primary and secondary appraisal: Lazarus- in order for stress to be evoked two cog events must occur
primary: person perceives an event as a threat to goals (not enough time to study)
secondary: person concludes they do not have resources to cope with demands of threatening event
160
role of + emotions in coping with stress: genral hypo
+ emotions and appraisals lead to a lowered impact of stress on health
161
three coping mechanisms are capable of generating + emotions during stress
positive reappraisal
problem-focused coping
creating positive events
162
positive appraisal
person focuses on the good in what is happening
163
problem-focused coping
thoughts and behaviors that manage or solve an underlying cause of stress
164
creating positive events
creating + time-out from stress
165
coping strategies and styles
- attributional
- optimism and physical well-being
- management of emotions
- disclosure
166
attributional style
answer to the question "where does this person typically place the blame when things go wrong
167
three dimensions of attribution
external vs internal
unstable vs stable
specific vs global
168
Pessimists: make
stable global internal explanations or bad events (sig)
169
optimists make
unstable, specific, external explanations for bad events (USE)
170
self-efficacy
belief that one can do beh necessary to achieve desired outcomes (i can find time to excersice)
171
optimistic bias
people generally underestimate their risks with the average person rating risks as below true avg (haven't been in accident so I'm gonna keep doing it)
172
Optimism and physical-wellbeing: optimism predicts ______ and ____
good health and health-promoting behaviors:
173
Optimism and physical-wellbeing: Through the.. (5)
- through the effects on the immune system
- through an emotional mechanism
- through a cog process
- through effects on social contacts
- through direct behavioral mechanism
174
Management of emotions: inhibition (3)
- inhibiting emotions seen as a dvp milestone (can't get cookie, throw tantrum, tell kids can't always get what you want.
- suppressing emotions leads to increased arousal
- someone who characteristically inhibits emotional expression may suffer effects from chronic sympathetic nervous system arousal.
175
Management of emotions: communication (2)
- emotions serve the function of communicating to others how we are feeling
- rs indicates that emotional expressiveness may be good for our psychological health and general adjustment
176
Management of emotions: Disclosure
- not discussing traumatic, negative, upsetting events can lead to problems
- telling a secret can relieve stress, increase health
177
Type A behavior and card disease: behavior pattern (3)
- higher achievement motivation and competitiveness
- higher time urgency
- higher hostility and aggressiveness
178
early studies of type A found it was..
and independent risk factor for dvping cardio disease
