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GEOS 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

layers of rock at the bottom are usually older than the layers above them

A

Superposition

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2
Q

sedimentary layers usually start out flat and stay flat until they are deformed

A

Horizontality

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3
Q

fossils are found in the same order that the creatures lived on Earth

A

Fossil Succession

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4
Q

crystalline rocks underlay younger sediments, with a gap in time between them

A

Nonconformity

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5
Q

deformed rocks underlay flat rocks, with a gap in time between them

A

Angular unconformity

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6
Q

flat rocks underlay flat rocks, with a gap in time between them

A

Disconformity

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7
Q

younger rocks or faults cut through older ones

A

Cross-Cutting

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8
Q

older rocks can be trapped as pieces inside younger rocks

A

Included Pieces

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9
Q

versions of the same element (same protons) but different atomic weights (different neutrons)

A

Isotope

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10
Q

unstable and radioactive isotope which will decay over time

A

Parent element

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11
Q

new element created by the decay of the parent, builds up over time

A

Daughter element

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12
Q

the time it takes for half of the parent element to turn into daughter element.

A

Half life

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13
Q

dating system useful very young rocks, fossils, and archeological items. Must be organic

A

Carbon-14

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14
Q

dating system useful for very old rocks

A

Uranium-238

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15
Q

time of planetary formation, water added from volcanoes and comets. Life begins.

A

Hadean Eon

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16
Q

no oxygen in air, life remains primitive. First photosynthesis

A

Archean Eon

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17
Q

oxygen builds up in air, first ozone layer, life becomes more complex.

A

Proterozoic Eon

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18
Q

age of fish, first hard fossils, first trees and insects, life moves on land

A

Paleozoic Era

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19
Q

age of dinosaurs

A

Mesozoic Era

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20
Q

age of mammals

A

Cenozoic Era

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21
Q

stretching at divergent boundaries (rifting, spreading)

A

Extensional stress

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22
Q

crunching at convergent boundaries (subduction, collision)

A

Compressional stress

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23
Q

slicing at transform boundaries

A

Shear stress

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24
Q

temporary flexing, stores energy

A

Elastic strain

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25
permanent slow bending, releases energy gradually
Ductile strain
26
permanent break, releases energy violently and suddenly
Brittle strain
27
vibrations in rock caused by released energy
Seismic waves
28
underground location where the fault actually breaks
Focus
29
surface map location above the focus
Epicenter
30
move fast by compressing rocks, can travel in solids or liquids
Primary (P) waves
31
move more slowly by slicing rocks, can only travel in solids
Secondary (S) waves
32
slowest and most damaging, make the ground surface move
Surface (L) waves
33
finding the location of an earthquake from three seismic recording stations
Triangulation
34
size of the wiggles on a seismogram
Amplitude
35
diagram used to estimate earthquake magnitude from amplitude and distance
Nomogram
36
any change in rock layer shape caused by deformation
Structures
37
outside force on rocks created by plate tectonics
Stress
38
how rocks respond to stress by changing shape
Strain
39
structures formed by ductile strain
Folds
40
structures formed by brittle strain
Faults
41
brittle fault blocks
Rift valley
42
ductile stretching
Mid-ocean ridge
43
thrust fault slices pile up in trench
Accretionary wedge or prism
44
deformation belts caused by subduction (narrow) and collision (wide)
Fold and thrust belts
45
downward sag with the youngest rocks in the middle
Syncline
46
upward arch with the oldest rocks in the middle
Anticline
47
sides of a folded structure, not very bent
Limb
48
central portion where the bending is concentrated
Nose or axis
49
sides of the fold match
Symmetrical
50
one side of the fold is steeper than the other
Asymmetrical
51
one side of the fold is turned upside down
Overturned
52
both sides of the fold are flat
Recumbent
53
exposed fault surface
Scarp
54
hanging wall slides down the fault, creating a gap in layers
Normal fault
55
hanging wall is pushed up the fault, creating an overlap in layers
Reverse fault
56
hanging wall is pushed up a very gentle fault ramp, creating a huge overlap
Thrust fault
57
only horizontal (sideways) motion, no up or down movement
Strike-slip fault
58
forms at specific pressures and temperatures
Index mineral
59
low-grade green index mineral
Chlorite
60
medium-high grade blue index mineral
Kyanite
61
medium-high grade red index mineral
Garnet
62
lowest grade product of shale metamorphism, clay and mica
Slate
63
low grade product of shale metamorphism, small mica (chlorite)
Phyllite
64
medium grade product of shale metamorphism, large mica, garnet and kyanite
Schist
65
high grade product of shale metamorphism, feldspar (no mica)
Gneiss
66
highest grade partially melted mixture of gneiss and granite
Migmatite
67
metamorphosed sandstone at any grade
Quartzite
68
metamorphosed limestone at any grade
Marble
69
lowest grade product of peat metamorphism
Lignite
70
medium grade product of peat metamorphism
Bituminous coal
71
high grade product of peat metamorphism
Anthracite
72
highest grade product of peat metamorphism
Graphite
73
can happen anywhere rocks are covered by many other rocks
Burial metamorphism
74
requires a plate tectonic event
Tectonic metamorphism
75
rocks are cooked by nearby hot magma intrusion
Contact metamorphism
76
particular rock whose index minerals tell us its P and T conditions
Facies
77
smooth rock facies created by contact metamorphism
Hornfels
78
blue rock facies created by high P and low T in deep sea trenches
Blueschist
79
parallel bands of blueschist and greenschist that indicate a former subduction zone
Paired belts
80
large area cooked by continental collision
Regional metamorphism
81
highest P and T metamorphism at the contact between the two continents
Suture zone

GEOS 101 (3 decks)

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