Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is an autotrophic organism?
A
An organism that produces its own energy.
2
Q
What forms of autotrophic energy production are there?
A
Photosynthesis, Chemosynthesis
3
Q
What does photosynthesis turn into energy?
A
Light
4
Q
What does chemosynthesis turn into energy?
A
Chemical compounds
5
Q
What organisms can perform photosynthesis?
A
Plants, cyanobacteria, algae
6
Q
What organisms can perform chemosynthesis?
A
Bacteria
7
Q
What causes plants green color?
A
Chloroplasts
8
Q
What do chlorophyll do?
A
They catch the sun’s energy
9
Q
What do chloroplast do?
A
Photosynthesis
10
Q
What is used in photosynthesis?
A
Co2, H2O, Sunlight
11
Q
What is the result of photosynthesis?
A
Glucose and O2
12
Q
From where does Co2 enter the plant?
A
The stamata
13
Q
What is the stamata?
A
The bottom of a leaf
14
Q
What is photosynthesis’ formula?
A
6Co2 + 6H2O =sunlight= C6H12O6 + 6O2
15
Q
What is C6H12O6?
A
Glucose
16
Q
What is thylakoid?
A
Light dependent stage in photosynthesis, breaks down H2O
17
Q
What is Stroma?
A
Stage of photosynthesis that with energy from breaking down H2O it makes glucose
18
Q
What is used in chemosynthesis?
A
Hydrogen sulfide, water, dissolved carbon dioxide
19
Q
For chemosynthesis, from where is hydrogen sulfide obtained?
A
Hydrothermal vents
20
Q
Name one animal that performs chemosynthesis
A
Mussets
21
Q
What formula is used in chemosynthesis?
A
6Co2 + 6H2O + H2S == C6H12O6 + 3H2Co4
22
Q
What is 3H2Co4?
A
Sulfur compounds
23
Q
What is predation?
A
When one animal is the prey of another
24
Q
What is competition? (Ecological relationships)
A
When one predator has to compete with another for prey
25
What is a symbiotic relation?
Ecological relationships in which animals benefit from another animal
26
What is paratism?
A symbiotic relationship where one animal lives through the other and the other is harmed
27
What is mutualism?
A symbiotic relationship where both animals benefit
28
What is commensalism?
A symbiotic relationship where one animal benefits and one remains neutral
29
What is the respiratory system?
The system that allows you to talk and smell
30
What does the respiratory system do to air?
It warms it to match your body’s temperature and moisturizes.
31
What is the alveoli?
The endpoint of the respiratory system. Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream
32
What are the types of respiration?
External, internal, cellular
33
What is external respiration?
Normal breathing (Inhalation and exhalation)
34
What is internal respiration?
The gas exchange between the bloodstream and the alveoli
35
How can cellular respiration be performed?
Aerobic(lly) and anaerobic(lly)
36
How does aerobic respiration work?
Glycolysis (From cytoplasm) + Krebs cycle (Mitochondrion) + Electron transport chain (Mitochondrion) == 38 atps
37
What are the components of cigarettes?
Tobacco, chemical additives, a filter, paper wrapping, nicotine
38
What is addictive in cigarettes?
Nicotine
39
What are the two most popular forms of tobacco consumption?
Cigars and cigarettes
40
In how much time does nicotine reach the brain?
8 to 10 seconds
41
What does nicotine do?
It stimulates adrenaline production, and stimulates the reward system so dopamine is released
42
How many levels are there in the air quality index?
6
43
Air quality index: Good
0 - 50, 0 - 12, Everything’s fine
44
Air quality index: Moderate
51 - 100, 12.1 - 35.4, Sensitive people at risk
45
Air quality index: Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
101 - 150, 35.5 - 55.4, Sensitive groups may experience health effects
46
Air quality index: Unhealthy
151 - 200, 55.5 - 150.4, General public at risk of health effects
47
Air quality index: Very Unhealty
201 - 300, 150.5 - 250.4, Noticeable effects for everyone
48
Air quality index: Hazardous
301+, 250.5+, Health warning of emergency conditions, no going outside
49
What does the male reproductive system do?
It produces, transports and maintains sperm and semen
50
What is semen?
A protective fluid
51
What sexual hormones does the male reproductive system produce?
Testosterone
52
What does the epididymis do?
It matures sperm
53
What is circumsicion?
The cutting of the foreskin
54
What does the scrotum do?
It protects the testicles and controls its climate
55
What external organs are there in the female reproductive system?
Labium minora/majora, clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening, breasts
56
What internal organs are there in the female reproductive system?
Ovaries, endometrium, myometrium, vagina
57
What does the labium minora do?
Protects the opening, it’s the inside
58
What does the labium majora do?
Protects the opening, it’s the outside
59
What does the clitoris do?
Sexual pleasure
60
What does the urethral opening do?
Peeing
61
What does the vaginal opening do?
Reproduction
62
What are the parts of the breasts?
Glands, fat
63
What do the breast’s glands do?
Produce milk
64
What do the breast’s fat do?
Control temperature
65
What do the ovaries do?
Mature egg cells and produces hormones
66
What hormones are part of the female reproductive system?
Estrogen and Progesterone
67
What is the endometrium?
The covering inside the uterus, eggs stick to it for reproduction
68
What is the myometrium?
Muscle used for contractions in childbirth
69
What is the vagina?
Tube entering the uterus
70
What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?
Follicle stimulant hormone, estrogen, luteinising hormone, progesterone
71
Where are egg cells located?
Inside follicles
72
What do follicles act as?
An incubator
73
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal, menstruation
74
What happens in the follicular phase?
Follicles grow and an egg cell is prepared
75
What happens in ovulation?
The biggest follicle breaks and its egg cell goes through the fallopian tube
76
What happens in luteal?
The broken follicle produces progesterone in order to prepare for a fertilized egg. If no egg sticks them the thickening bleeds out.
77
What happens in menstruation?
Bleeding. Lasts around 6 days
78
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
79
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
80
What is DNA? (Strands)
Double stranded
81
What is RNA? (Strands)
Single stranded
82
What are DNA and RNA made of?
Sugar and phosphate
83
What sugar is present in DNA?
Deoxyribose
84
What sugar is present in RNA?
Ribose
85
What nucleobases are there?
Thymine, cytosine, guanine, adenine, urasil
86
What nucleobase pairs are there?
Cytosine and guanine, thymine and adenine (DNA), adenine and uracil (RNA)
87
Where is DNA located?
Inside the nucleus
88
What makes up the border of DNA?
Phosphate and sugar
89
What makes up the middle of DNA?
Nucleobases
90
What types are there of RNA?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
91
What does mRNA do?
Takes info to the ribosome which can read it
92
What does rRNA do?
Makes up the ribosomes
93
What does tRNA do?
Transfers amino acids
94
Who proposed modern cell theory?
Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schiwann
95
What statements does modern cell theory do?
1. The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms. 2. All living things are made of cells. 3. All cells come from other pre-existing cells
96
In what stages can cells be?
Interphase and mitosis
97
What happens in interphase?
Cells copy innards in preparation for mitosis
98
What happens in mitosis?
The cell divides
99
What sections are the in the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
100
What shape are chromosomes in bacteria?
Circular
101
What are chromosomes made of?
Chromatin and centromere
102
How are chromatins structured?
With histones (proteins) and DNA wrapped around one another
103
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
104
How are chromosomes arranged together?
In pairs because of similar traits
105
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that encodes a trait
106
What are alleles?
The different forms or variants of a gene
107
What is the phenotype?
The sum of an organisms active traits
108
What is the genotype?
The combination of alleles that an organism has
109
What is the main characteristic of mitosis?
Creating identical cells
110
What phases does mitosis have?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
111
Where does meiosis happen?
In reproductive cells
