Exam 3

Question 1

What drug is used to treat Giardiasis?

Answer 1

Metronidozale (Flagyl)

Question 2

What drug is used to treat toxoplasmosis?

Answer 2

Pyrimethamine

Question 3

What drug is used to treat trichomoniasis/ Trich disease?

Answer 3

Metronidozale (Flagyl)

Question 4

What are drug therapy used to treat malaria?

Answer 4

Chloroquine and Mefloquine

Question 5

What is the drug treatment for Ascariasis?

Answer 5

Albendazole

Question 6

What is drug therapy for dirofilariasis?

Answer 6

Selamectin

Question 7

What is drug therapy for hook worms?

Answer 7

Albendazole and/or ivermectin

Question 8

What is the drug therapy for Taeniasis?

Answer 8

Praziquantel

Question 9

What is the drug treatment for Trichinella Spiralis?

Answer 9

Albendazole

Question 10

What does the anti-cancer drug 5-Fluorouracil do?

Answer 10

This drug is classified as an antimetabolite. It works by inhibiting DNA synthesis by adding fluorine to thymidine so it can’t participate in the formation of new DNA.

Question 11

What does the anti-cancer drug Doxorubicin do?

Answer 11

This drug is classified as an antibiotic. It works by binding DNA to prevent both DNA replication and DNA transcription to RNA.

Question 12

What does the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide do?

Answer 12

This drug is classified as an alkylating agent. It works by inhibiting the transcription of DNA into RNA which inhibits protein synthesis.
Also one of the most successful anti-cancer drugs.

Question 13

What does the anti-cancer drug Vincristine do?

Answer 13

This drug is classified as a microtubule inhibitor. This drug prevents the cell from being ripped apart to form the two daughter cells.

Question 14

What is the anti-cancer drug Trastuzumab (Herceptin) do?

Answer 14

This drug is classified as a monoclonal antibody. It works by blocking the growth stimulation of endogenous growth factors by binding their receptors and preventing their actions.

Question 15

What are 3 drugs used to alleviate the effects of chemotherapy?

Answer 15

Prednisone, cannaboids, and allopurinol

Question 16

What does the anti-cancer drug Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) do?

Answer 16

This drug is classified as a hormonal agent. It is an inhibitor and partial agonist of the estrogen receptor.

Question 17

What does the anti-cancer drug Anastrozole (Arimidex) do?

Answer 17

This drug is classified as a hormone synthesis inhibitor. It binds to the heme group of aromatase which catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to estrogen.

Question 18

What drugs can be used for prostate cancer?

Answer 18

Leuprolide and Flutamide

Question 19

What are the two approaches to treating gout?

Answer 19

Inhibiting uric acid synthesis and/or increasing uric acid secretion in urine

Question 20

What drug can be used to diagnose and treat gout?

Answer 20

Colchicine

Question 21

Which drug is used in the long-term treatment of gout by inhibiting urate synthesis by being a competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase activity? The drug is also given preventatively to those entering chemotherapy. This drug is also a pro-drug activated by the enzyme it inhibits.

Answer 21

Allopurinol

Question 22

What is another drug used in the long-term treatment of gout by inhibiting urate synthesis?

Answer 22

Febuxostat

Question 23

What drug is used in the long-term treatment of gout by being a potent inhibitor of uric acid reabsorption in the renal tubules?

Answer 23

Probenecid

Question 24

What drug can also be used in the long-term treatment of gout through the inhibition of uric acid reabsorption in the renal tubules?

Answer 24

Sulfinpyrazone

Question 25

What steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 25

Aldosterone, cortisol, and androstenedione

Question 26

What steroid hormones are secreted by the gonads?

Answer 26

Testosterone, DHT, estradiol, and progesterone

Question 27

What steroid hormone is secreted by the kidneys?

Answer 27

Vitamin D3

Question 28

What are some hormones the hypothalamus secretes?

Answer 28

CRH, GnRH, TRH, and GHRH

Question 29

What are the glycoprotein family hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 29

TSH, FSH, and LH

Question 30

What is the hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the release of cortisol and aldosterone from adrenal glands?

Answer 30

ACTH (andrencorticotropic hormone)

Question 31

What two hormones released from the anterior pituitary aid in growth?

Answer 31

Growth hormone and prolactin

Question 32

CRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary which acts on adrenals to secrete what?

Answer 32

Cortisol and Aldosterone

Question 33

What is the function of cortisol?

Answer 33

Cortisol used to maintain blood sugar, increase fat stores, and impacts stress and immune function

Question 34

What is the function of aldosterone?

Answer 34

Aldosterone functions in maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure

Question 35

What are the three hormones created when cleaving POMC to create ACTH?

Answer 35

ACTH, beta-endorphins, and alpha-MSH

Question 36

What stimulates the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 36

PRFs (prolactin-releasing factor)

Question 37

What stimulates the release of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 37

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

Question 38

What stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 38

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

Question 39

What stimulates the release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 39

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Question 40

What tissue does growth hormone act on and what does it secrete?

Answer 40

Growth hormone acts on the liver which makes it secrete IGFs

Question 41

What tissue does prolactin act on?

Answer 41

Prolactin acts on breast tissue

Question 42

Tumors of somatotrophs lead to an increase in growth hormone. What is the name of this pathophysiology in adults and in children?

Answer 42

In adults, it is known as acromegaly. In children, it is known as gigantism. Treatment includes GH antagonist or GnRH inhibitor.

Question 43

Tumors of the lactotrophs lead to increased prolactin secretion. This can lead to what types of pathophysiology?

Answer 43

In both men and women, it can lead to infertility. Can also cause galactorrhea which is the excessive production of milk. Treatment includes prolactin antagonists.

Question 44

Tumors of the corticotropes lead to increased production of ACTH. This leads to what type of pathophysiology?

Answer 44

Pituitary Cushing's (hypercortisolism). Treatment includes ACTH or CRH antagonists.

Question 45

Tumor of the gonadotropes leads to an increase in androgen or estrogen production. This leads to what type of pathophysiology in children?

Answer 45

Precocious puberty. Treatment includes estrogen or androgen receptor antagonists.

Question 46

Tumor of the thyrotopes leads to excess production of TSH. This causes what type of pathophysiology?

Answer 46

Hyperthyroidism. Treatment includes cutting out part or all of the thyroid gland or medications like propylthiouracil or methimazole.

Question 47

What is the renal threshold for blood glucose levels?

Answer 47

>180 mg/dL

Question 48

What is the threshold of blood glucose levels resulting in a diabetic coma?

Answer 48

40-60 mg/dL

Question 49

What is the normal fasting blood glucose levels of a non-diabetic person?

Answer 49

60/70-120/130 mg/dL

Question 50

What are the 3 P's of diabetes?

Answer 50

Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia

Question 51

What are the common symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 51

The 3 P's, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis

Question 52

What is the first drug given to those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and how does it work?

Answer 52

Metformin is the drug given. It works by blocking pancreatic alpha cells from releasing glucagon into the blood stream, inhibiting the liver from releasing free glucose into the blood.

Question 53

How does the drug class of glitazones work?

Answer 53

This drug functions by sensitizing cell surface receptors and telling them to stay on the surface for longer to take up more glucose.

Question 54

What does the drug metronidazole do?

Answer 54

It targets parasitic DNA. It is also a prodrug that is activated with anaerobic parasites.

Question 55

What does the drug pyrimethamine do?

Answer 55

This drug targets the folic acid synthesis that is needed for DNA and RNA synthesis in the parasite

Question 56

What vector transmits African Sleeping Sickness?

Answer 56

Tsete fly

Question 57

What are the three parasitic infections that can all be cured with albendazole?

Answer 57

Ascariasis, hookworms, and trichinosis

Question 58

What are the side effects of albendazole?

Answer 58

Possible liver damage

Question 59

What are the side effects of metronidazole?

Answer 59

Possible teratogen and carcinogen. Not to be taken with alcohol

Question 60

What are the side effects of chloroquine?

Answer 60

Hypotension and CNS effects

Question 61

What are the side effects of Ivermectin?

Answer 61

Mild CNS effects

Question 62

How do the drugs chloroquine and mefloquine work?

Answer 62

They both work by targetting malarial heme metabolism

Question 63

How does the drug albendazole work?

Answer 63

It works by targeting worm motility

Question 64

How does the drug praziquantel work?

Answer 64

It causes tegumental disruptions and muscular disfunction of tape worms

Question 65

How does the drug ivermectin work?

Answer 65

Ivermectin induces muscular paralysis of worm

Question 66

How does an antimetabolite cancer drug function?

Answer 66

It functions by interfering with the synthesis of DNA or RNA. They are most effective during the S phase of cell division

Question 67

What is characterized as a diabetic HbA1c?

Answer 67

Fasting glucose levels higher than 126 mg/dl and A1c levels higher than 6.5%

Question 68

What is sulfonylurea?

Answer 68

This is a drug used to treat diabetes. It is an insulin secretagogue because it stimulates pancreatic beta cells to secrete more insulin

Question 69

What is the function of metronidazole?

Answer 69

It targets virus DNA. It can be teratogenic and carcinogenic. It is a pro-drug activated by anaerobic parasites.

Question 70

What hormone contributes to pubertal growth?

Answer 70

Growth hormones, sex steroids, thyroid hormone, insulin, and cortisol (IGFS as well)

Question 71

What mediates long bone growth?

Answer 71

Growth hormone and estrogen

Question 72

What does the drug Mecasermin do?

Answer 72

This drug is given to patients lacking IGF-1 secretion from liver due to defective GH receptors

Question 73

What does a prepubertal growth hormone deficiency result in?

Answer 73

Dwarfism

Question 74

What is sexual ateliotic dwarfism?

Answer 74

Decrease in growth hormone levels only

Question 75

What is Laron dwarfism?

Answer 75

Defect in expression of growth hormone receptors. Normal or high levels of GH with low levels of IFG-1

Question 76

What is African Pygmy?

Answer 76

Defect in IGF-1 response to a pubertal increase in growth hormone. Normal GH and IGF-1 levels

Question 77

What is the typical treatment for gigantism and acromegaly?

Answer 77

Somatostatin (blocks the release of GH by being GHRH antagonist), Octreotide (GHRH antagonist), or pegvisomant (GH receptor antagonists)

Question 78

What is the treatment for prepubertal GH excess called gigantism?

Answer 78

Octreotide (GHRH antagonist)

Question 79

What is the treatment for post-pubertal GH excess called acromegaly?

Answer 79

Octreotide (GHRH antagonist) and/or pegvisomant (GH receptor antagonists)

Question 80

What are the two human recombinant drugs that activate GH action?

Answer 80

Mescasermin and Somatropin

Question 81

What are three drugs that inhibit the action of growth hormone?

Answer 81

Octreotide, Somatostatin, and Pegvisomant

Question 82

What are some symptoms surrounding hyperthyroidism?

Answer 82

Symptoms include goiter, heat intolerance, weight loss, fatigue, restlessness, diarrhea, and more

Question 83

What is the action of the drug propylthiouracil?

Answer 83

It blocks the synthesis of T3 and T4 in the thyroid glands

Question 84

What is the drug methimazole?

Answer 84

It can also be used to treat hyperthyroidism. It works by inhibiting the addition of iodine to thyroxine

Question 85

What is a drug that can be used to treat hypothyroidism?

Answer 85

Levothyroxine

Question 86

What is the normal serum level of uric acid concentration?

Answer 86

3.7 to 7.2 mg/dL

Question 87

What is classified as hyperuricemia?

Answer 87

Serum uric acid concentration higher than 6.5%

Question 88

What is HbA1c?

Answer 88

This is your glycosylated hemoglobin level. It measures the severity of hyperglycemia over previous months