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BIO-361: Pathobiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Autoimmunity?

A

Breakdown of tolerance
-Body recognizes self-antigens as foreign (usually these are not normally seen by the immune system)

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2
Q

What is Lupus?

A

Chronic multi-system inflammatory disease

Autoantibodies against nuclei acids, erythrocytes, phospholipids, platelets…

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3
Q

What are symptoms or findings of Lupus?

A

Arthritis (90%)
Vasculitis and Rash (70-80%)
Renal Disease (40-50%)
Hematologist changes (50%)
Cardiovascular Disease (30-50%)

Malar rash (butterfly)
Photosensitivity
Oral or Nasopharyngeal ulcers

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4
Q

How many findings must be present for Lupus to be indicated?

A

At least 4

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5
Q

How is Lupus treated?

A

Immunosuppressants

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6
Q

What is Alloimmunity and an example?

A

Immune system reacts with antigens on the tissue of other genetically dissimilar members of the same species

Rh incompatibility - hemolytic disease of newborn
Blood transfusion reactions - ABO blood groups

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7
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Partial or complete absence of T cell immunity

Small part of Chromosome 22 is missing (22q11.2 deletion)

Don’t develop a thymus, thyroid, or parathyroid

Facial Anomalies: wide-set eyes; low-set ears; shorted structure of upper lip

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8
Q

What are examples of diseases associated with loss of T cells?

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

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9
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, or across the placenta

Most common through equal intercourse, contaminated blood products, and contaminated needles

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10
Q

How does HIV infect?

A

Virus invades Helper T-Cells, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells by “tricking” them to internalize viruses by receptor mediated endocytosis

Reverse transcriptase (retrovirus) uses viral RNA as a template esto synthesize DNA, where this new DNA can be inserted into cost cell DNA and remain dormant for months to years

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11
Q

What is Stage 1 of HIV?

A

Acute

Minor symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes

T-cell concentration is beginning to decrease slowly while HIV concentration begins to rise

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12
Q

What is Stage 2 of HIV?

A

Chronic

Loss of immune function; more apparent with the appearance of characteristic diseases such as yeast infections

T cell concentration begins to go very low and HIV concentration continues to soar

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13
Q

How is HIV transitioned to AIDS?

A

Normal T cell count in AIDS is <200 cell/uL

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14
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of AIDS?

A

Early: flulike chills, fever

Night sweats, fatigue, headache, extreme weight loss, lymphadenitis

Thrush: white patches on mucosal membranes

Kaposi Sarcoma: cancer originates in epithelial cells of blood vessels and causes purple lesions on skin

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15
Q

What is a Prion?

A

A rare infectious protein (PrP) that causes proteins to misfold and accumulate

Accumulation prevents nerve-nerve signaling - brain lesions/plaques

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16
Q

What is a Crutzfeldt - Jacob Prion Disease?

A

Crutzfeldt - Jacob Prion Disease

Progresses rapidly
4-5 month survival (for individuals around 68 years old)
Dementia, difficulty moving, personality changes, hallucinations
Fatal neurodegeneration

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17
Q

How are Prion Diseases diagnosed?

A

MRI
Spinal Tap
Brain Biopsy (after death)

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18
Q

What is a Virus?

A

Protein coat surrounding a nuclei acid core of DNA or RNA

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19
Q

What are properties of Viruses?

A

Incapable of replication outside of a living cell
Can modify host immune system
Can cause the cells to become cancerous

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20
Q

What is Epstein Barr Virus?

A

Replicates salivary glands

Leads to infectious mononucleosis (mono)

Can lead to nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt’s Lymphoma (infect B cells, killing them)

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21
Q

What is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Organisms combine the characteristics of viral and bacterial agents to produce disease in humans

From tick bite

Are obligate intracelular pathogens like the viruses
Produce rigid peptidoglycan cell wall
Reproduce asexually by cellular division
Contain RNA and DNA similar to the bacteria

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22
Q

What are symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and how is it treated?

A

High fever
Chills
Severe headache
Distinctive rash (not itchy)

Treated with doxycycline

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23
Q

What are the infectious disease modes of transmission?

A

Penetration - disruption of the bodies surface barrier

Direct Contact - infected tissue or secretions to intact mucus membranes

Ingestion - entry through oral cavity and GI tract

Inhalation - respiratory tract

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24
Q

What are some virulence factors?

A

Toxins - bacteria, fungi, Protozoa (exotoxins and endotoxins)

Adhesion Factors - fimbriae or pili (hairlike projections) and hemagglutinin (cause RBCs to clump together)

Evasive Factors - slime, mucus layers

Invasive Factors - enzymes, destroy cell membranes

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25
What is the difference between Exotoxins and Endotoxins?
Exotoxin - released during bacterial growth; can cause paralysis, vomiting/diarrhea and muscle spasm Endotoxin - lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cell wall of gram negative bacteria
26
What is Tetanus?
Disease where spores of the Clostridium tetani bacteria may produce a powerful toxin called tétanoslas in, which enters through wounds in the flesh Actively impairs motor neurons (nerves that control your muscles)
27
What are the 3 common sources for Tetanus?
Found in soil, dust, and animal feces
28
What are symptoms of Tetanus?
Spasms and stiffness in jaw muscles Stiffness in neck muscles Difficulty swallowing Stiffness in abdominal muscles Painful body spasms triggered by minor occurrences Fever Sweating Elevated blood pressure Rapid heart rate
29
What is the treatment for Tetanus?
No cure Can only be prevented with vaccination (booster shot required within 10 years) Antitoxin therapy, sedatives, antibiotics
30
What are the 3 common sources for Clostridum Botulism?
Infant - bacterial spores grow in a baby’s intestinal tract (e.g. eating honey) Food Borne - bacteria thrive and produce the toxin in environments with little oxygen (e.g., canned foods) Wound - bacteria get into a cut or wound
31
What are symptoms of Botulism?
Begin 12-36 hours after infection Difficulty swallowing or speaking Dry mouth Facial weakness on both sides of the face Blurred or double vision Drooping eyelids Trouble breathing Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps Paralysis - must be placed on ventilator
32
What is the mechanism of action for the Botulism toxin?
Prevents neurotransmitter release from neurons Cleaves snare proteins, which prevents AcH from being released from the nerves Flaccid Paralysis
33
What are treatments of Botulism?
Clear out digestive tract Clean out wound Antitoxin - try to clear out toxin being produced by the bacteria Respiratory - to support breathing
34
What are some diagnostic tools for bacterial and viral infection?
Culture PCR and DNA sequencing - DNA/RNA Serology Evidence of pathogen from the infected sites of a diseased host Documentation of clinical signs and symptoms
35
What are the two mechanisms of antibiotic action?
BACTERICIDAL: causes irreversible and lethal damage to the bacterial pathogen (kills) BACTERIOSTATIC: inhibitory effects on bacterial growth are reversed when the agent is eliminated (inhibits) - important to take full course of antibiotics
36
What is a Yeast Infection?
Candida - part of normal flora, but can cause infection when grows out of control (oral thrush) - most at risk for immune compromised Candida auris - resistant to several treatments, difficult to identify and a risk for health care facilities
37
What is Aspergillus Granulomas infection?
Fungal pneumonia with fungal overgrowth in the lung Illness or immune suppression - genetic mutation in CYBB gene (x-linked) Aggregation of macrophage attempting to isolate and clear infection Develop lung infection following inhalation of decaying plant material (mulch, leaves)
38
What are symptoms of Aspergillus Granulomas and how is it diagnosed?
Fever Cough Chest and joint pain Headache Skin lesions Diagnosed through x-ray or CT
39
How is Aspergillus treated?
Voriconazole - inhibits cell membrane synthesis of ergosterol in fungi via inhibition of cytochrome p450
40
What is Lymphatic Fiilariasis?
Adult filarías worms nest the lymphatic vessels after being acquired via a mosquito bite in childhood (which can live for 6 - 8 years) Produce millions of microfilariae (immature oarvase) that circulate in the blood
41
What are symptoms of Elephantitis?
Infection is asymptomatic Tissue swelling Skin thickening Stigma and decline in mental health
42
How is Elephantitis treated and prevented?
Treated through DEC, which is no longer approved by FDA, must get from CDC Prevented through sleeping under a mosquito net, wearing long sleeves and pants, mosquito repellent
43
What are the stages of disease progression in Elephantitis?
Stage 1 - Edema Stage 2 - Thickening of skin Stage 3 - Continued thickening and enlargement Stage 4 - Dry and scales skin
44
What are Category A Bioterroism Agents?
Most Dangerous Highest risk to national security Easily spread or transmitted Results in high death rates Major public health impact EX: plagie, smallpox
45
What are Category B Bioterroism Agents?
Second highest priority Food-borne or water-borne diseases Moderately easy to desciméntate Moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates
46
What are Category C Bioterroism Agents?
Third highest priority Availability Ease of production and dissemination Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact EX: TB, Covid-19
47
What is the difference between Benign and Malignant cancer?
Benign: slow, progressive growth; expansive manner of growth; inability to metastasize to distant sites; composed of cells that resemble the tissue of origin Malignant: rapid growth; potential to kill regardless of original location; compress blood vessels and grow own blood supply; rob normal tissues of essential nutrients
48
What is Metastasis and its mechanisms?
Direct invasion and extension Seeding of cancer cells in body cavities Metastatic spread through the blood or lymph pathways
49
What is the purpose of P53?
Initiate DNA repair mechanisms Keep cells in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle (to allow for time to initiate DNA repair) Initiate apoptosis of cells with DNA damage Prevent cells with shortened telomeres from dividing
50
What is the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell?
INITIATION - cells exposed to carcinogenic agents making them susceptible to malignant transformation (DNA damage) PROMOTION - unregulated accelerated growth in already initiated cells caused by various chemicals and growth factors (oncogenesis) PROGRESSION - invasiveness, metastatic competence,
51
What are the ABCDEs of detecting Melanoma?
ASYMMETRICAL BORDER COLOR DIAMETER EVOLVING
52
What are risk factors of Melanoma?
UV light exposure History of sunburn Fair skin Many moles/unusual moles Family history Weakened immune system
53
How can Melanoma be prevented?
Wear sunscreen year round (SPF 30m every 2 hours) Wear protective clothing Avoid mid day sun exposure Avoid tanning beds, UV lamps Pay attention to skin to notice changes
54
How is Melanoma diagnosed?
Physical exam Bunch or excision biopsy Determine the thickness Check for spread to local area lymph node CT to ID metastasis to lung and liver
55
How is Melanoma treated?
Surgery to remove affected lymph nodes Immunotherapy Targeted therapy Radiation Chemotherapy
56
What is a Teratoma?
Tumor of reproductive cells and stem cells that occurs in the ovaries or testicles (“MONSTER”) Benign is most common Most common in women
57
What are characteristics of a Teratoma?
Mature tissues develop: Hair Skin Teeth Sebaceous glands Bone Cartilage
58
How is a Teratoma treated?
Removal of benign cyst
59
What are cancer treatment modes?
Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Hormonal therapy Targeted therapy Biotherapy
60
What are some possible long term effects of chemotherapy?
Hypogonadism, infertility, and early menopause
61
What proteins are impacted by Botulism toxin?
Snare proteins
62
What are 3 bacterial functions/structures that antibiotics target?
Interference with a specific step in bacterial wall synthesis Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis Interruption of bacterial nuclei acid synesthesia Interference with normal bacterial metabolism

BIO-361: Pathobiology (4 decks)

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