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BIO-361: Pathobiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Apoptosis and in what ways is it activated?

A

Programmed Cell Death

Extrinsic Activation - death receptor mediated
Intrinsic Activation - mitochondrial activation

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2
Q

What is the purpose of Apoptosis?

A

Eliminate cells that are worn out, are produced in excess, have developed improperly, or have genetic damage

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3
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person

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4
Q

What are the 3 different types of Necrosis?

A

Liquifactive - cellular or bacterial enzymes degrade cell contents (absesses)

Coagulation - proteins are denatured; typical of infraction (e.g. heart attack)

Caseous - dead cells persist and form a “cheese-like debris” (common in granulomas)

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5
Q

What form of Necrosis is Wet Gangrene and what is it?

A

Liquefactive

Edema as venous return from the tissue is affected; this area is cold and no pulse can be found

Skin is moist, dark in color, and often has blisters

Contains no line of demarcation

Spread of tissue damage is rapid

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6
Q

What form of Necrosis is Dry Gangrene and what is it?

A

Coagulative

Tissue dies from arterial ischemia with no impairment of venous return from the tissue

Affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, changing color to dark brown or black

There is a line of demarcation that separates healthy tissue from the necrotic tissue

Slow spread

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7
Q

What is Gas Gangrene?

A

Caused by bacterial infection

Typically occurs in dirty wounds where the toxins dissolve the cell membranes, causing edema and RBC lysis

Hydrogen sulfide gas forms in the muscles

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8
Q

Which of the following can result in membrane damage?

(A) Inactivation of Na+/K+ ATPase
(B) Oxidation of phospholipid
(C) Ischemic activation of protease
(D) All of the above
(E) None of the above

A

(D) All of the above

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9
Q

Does Wet Gangrene have a line of demarcation?

A

No

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10
Q

What is Hutchinson-Gifford Progeria?

A

Premature aging

Lack of Lamin A gene which is important for DNA replication

Cell Nucleus is unstable and causes only normal growth to occur until 18-24 months of age

1 in 20 million - below average height and weight, prominent eyes, hair loss, large head, high-pitched voice

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11
Q

What are causes of Inflammation?

A

Immune response to infectious microorganisms
Trauma
Surgery
Caustic chemicals
Extremes of heat and cold
Ischemic damage to body tissues

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12
Q

What are cardinal signs of Inflammation?

A

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Loss of Function

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13
Q

What is the difference between Acute and Chronic Inflammation?

A

Acute: short duration (mins - days), emigration of leukocytes (neutrophils) into the tissue

Chronic: long duration (days - years)

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14
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

Heavy chain, light chain, variable region, antigen binding site

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15
Q

Which antibody type is LEAST prevalent?

A

IgE

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16
Q

Which antibody type is released in the breast milk?

A

IgA

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17
Q

Which antibody type can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

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18
Q

What two types of leukocytes participate in the acute inflammatory response?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils)
Monocytes (largest of WBCs)

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19
Q

What is the role on selectins in the migration of WBCs into the tissue?

A

They are an adhesion molecule that allows for “rolling” to occur within the WBC as it moves through a capillary

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20
Q

What is the role of integrins in WBC migration into the tissue?

A

Adhesion molecule that allows for firm adhesion to occur within the capillary wall, allowing for movement into the underlying tissue to occur

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21
Q

What is the role of Histamine?

A

Dilation of blood vessels
Contraction of airways (narrowing)

Preformed in cells and tissues and released in response to stimuli, trauma, or allergy

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22
Q

What is the role of Serotonin?

A

Important in healing burn injuries
Increases cell viability
Induces pro-inflammatory cytokine production
Proliferation
Migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes to close wound

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23
Q

What is the role of TNF and IL1B?

A

Act together towards endothelial cells, neutrophils, and the acute-phase response

Cause selectins and integrins to be unregulated
Aggregation and priming (ready for battle) in neutrophils
Fever, anorexia, hypotension, increased HR, corticosteroid and ACTH release

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24
Q

What is the function of Platelet-activating Factor?

A

Allow for platelet aggregation
Attracts PMNs and EOS to tissue

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25
What is Granulomatous Inflammation?
Associated with foreign bodies (splinters, sutures, asbestos) Associated with microorganisms that cause syphilis, deep fungal infections, or brucellosis
26
Describe Acute Inflammation
Relatively short duration Nonspecific early response to injury Aimed primarily at removing the injurious agent and limiting tissue damage Infiltration of neutrophils Exudate
27
Describe Chronic Inflammation
Longer duration Recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory process or a low-grade smoldering response that fails to evoke an acute response Infiltration by mononuclear cells (macrophages) and lymphocytes Proliferation of fibroblasts
28
What are the 5 types of Exudates?
Serous Hemorrhagic Membranous Purulent Fibrinous
29
Which protein on the surface of endothelial cells causes WBC rolling?
Selectins
30
What is Serous Exudate and where is it?
watery fluids that are low in protein content Result from plasma entering the inflammatory site
31
What is Hemorrhagic Exudate and where is it?
Occurs when there is severe tissue injury that causes damage to blood vessels When there is significant leakage of red cells from the capillaries
32
What is Membranous Exudate and where is it?
Develop on mucous membrane surfaces Composed of necrotic cells enmeshed in a fibro purulent exudate (pus, thick)
33
What is Purulent Exudate and where is it?
An Abscess Contains pus, composed of degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris (needs to be opened to drain it)
34
What is Fibrinous Exudate and where is it?
Contain large amount of fibrinogen and form a thick and sticky mesh work
35
What are some of the physical barriers of the Innate Immune System?
Skin Mucus
36
What are some of the physiological barriers of our Innate Immune System?
Coughing Vomiting Diarrhea
37
What are some of the chemical barriers of our Innate Immune System?
pH (skin is 3-5; stomach is 2) Tears (lysozymes)
38
What is Complement?
Helps antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism Flushing ECF into the cell to cause bacteria to explode
39
What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?
Specificity of recognition of antigen Wide diversity of antigens can be specifically recognized Memory, whereby immune system responds more quickly than the first time Ability to distinguish self-antigens from non-self
40
What are the 2 cells of adaptive immunity and what do they do?
T cells: helper type uses chemical signals to call on the B cells and other T cells while killer type identify infected host cells and employs chemical signals to cause then to die and be eliminated from the body B cells: create antibodies that identify foreign invaders that need to be killed (flagged)
41
What are MHC Class I?
Antigens from INSIDE the cell All cells are this class CD8 T cells activate “killer T cells” Kill or release antiviral cytokines Cell mediated immunity
42
What are MHC Class II?
Antigens from OUTSIDE the cell Antigen presenting cells Activate CD4 T cells to help activate B cells for antibody production
43
What regions of the body are important for adaptive immunity?
Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes
44
What do swollen lymph nodes tell us?
Give an idea of where the infection is First “gateway”
45
Why is vaccination important?
Helps to produce a ‘em memory of the vaccine antigen so if the pathogen enters the body in the future, the response will be stronger and faster than if it did not first encounter
46
What is R0?
The number of people that can be affected by someone without immunity of a pathogen
47
What is Herd Immunity?
Number of people in a population who have seen an antigen If most of the population gets immunized, the spread of contagious disease is contained
48
What is the Threshold for R0 when it comes to Herd Immunity?
The percent of the population that needs immunity to contain the spread and allow for herd immunity
49
What is Primary Immune Response?
The first encounter with a foreign antigen
50
What occurs in the Primary Immune Response?
Only few B and T cells can recognize the antigen and mount a response Clónale expansion occurs where hundreds and hundreds of copies are made for memory cells
51
What is the Secondary Immune Response?
The second encounter with a foreign antigen
52
What occurs in the Secondary Immune Response?
Large clone of memory cells that can recognize the antigen Immune response is faster and more effective
53
What type of antigen is in the primary immune response? Secondary?
IgM IgG
54
What is Type I Hypersensitivity?
“Allergy” IgE mediated Against environmental antigens (allergens) Release of histamine
55
What are some of the responses to Allergies?
Sneezing Itchy eyes Runny nose
56
What is Type II Hypersensitivity?
Antibody mediated IgG and IgM antibodies These bind to cell surface receptors or connective tissue
57
What are the five mechanisms of Type II Hypersensitivity?
Cell is destroyed by antibodies and complement Cell destruction through phagocytosis Soluble antigen may enter the circulation and deposit on tissues Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity Causes target cell malfunction
58
What is Type III Hypersensitivity?
Immune complex mediated IgG and IgM Antigen-antibody complexes are formed in the circulation and are later deposited in vessel walls or extra vascular tissues NOT organ specific
59
What is the difference between Type II and Type III hypersensitivities?
Type II antibody binds to antigen on the cell surface Type III antibody binds to soluble antigen that was released into the blood or other body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues (also not organ specific)
60
What is Type IV Hypersensitivity?
Does NOT involve antibody Cell-mediated immunity CD8 T cells kill the antigen-bearing target cells as well as delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in which presensitized CD4 cells release cell-damaging cytokines
61
What is the definition of Autoimmunity?
Breakdown of tolerance - body recognizes self-antigens as foreign (not normally seen by immune system) This leads to infectious disease
62
What is Myasthinia Gravis?
Decreased neuromuscular function as AcH is blocked of action in the neuromuscular junction Leads to blurred vision, impaired speech, weakness of arms hands fingers and legs, difficulty swallowing and chewing Type II Hypersensitivity
63
What is Graves Disease?
Overproduction of Thyroid hormone Anxiety, irritability Fine tremor of hands or fingers Heat sensitivity Weight loss Enlargement of thyroid gland Type II Hypersensitivity
64
Why have we as humans developed an aversion to fecal material and vomit?
We associate these things with unpleasant experiences (being sick, having food poisoning…)
65
What is the purpose of pain?
To alert the body away from a danger to prevent further damage (e.g. hand on hot stove)

BIO-361: Pathobiology (4 decks)

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