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exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is mass communication?

A

the dissemination of messages from one person or group to large numbers of people via media including tv, radio, computers, newspapers, magazines, billboards, video games, etc

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2
Q

what is the cultivation theory?

A

regular exposure to media affects attitudes, beliefs, & judgments of reality
-media has the greatest impact on people’s belief when messages are consistent, people consume large amounts of media, & people have limited knowledge about the topic

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3
Q

what is the third-person effect?

A

the perception that one is less susceptible to the effects of media portrayals than others

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4
Q

what is the social cognitive theory?

A

knowledge acquisition is acquired by observing others
-people observe others perform behaviors & experience the rewards or punishments of that behavior
-observing others guides an individual’s future behavior
-media may guide one’s understanding of relationships & social norms

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5
Q

what is the agenda-setting theory?

A

attention given to issues by the media influences the public’s perceptions of the importance of issues
-news media sets the agenda
-media tells us what to think about but not how to think
-more macro-level

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6
Q

what is framing?

A

suggests that media not only sets an agenda but also selects, emphasizes, excludes, & elaborates on particular elements of a news story
-information on a more micro-level

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7
Q

what is pathologizing the human body?

A

making natural functions seem weird & unnatural

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8
Q

what is the internalization of the thin ideal?

A

the extent to which an individual cognitively “buys into” socially defined ideals of attractiveness & engages in behaviors designed to produce an approximation of these ideals

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9
Q

what are the effects of media & body image on women?

A

-internalization of the thin ideal
-body dissatisfaction & eating disorders

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10
Q

what are the effects of media & body image on men?

A

males exposed to ideal body images are likely to be depressed & have muscle dissatisfaction

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11
Q

what are the media portrayals of sex?

A

-the number of shows w/ depictions or implications of sex has doubled since 1997/1998
-not a lot of depictions of safer sex:
~often shown as humiliating or humorous
~boys often shown as sexually gluttonous
~girls often shown as responsible for sexual protection

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12
Q

what are the changes in media portrayals of sex?

A

-more portrayals of same-sex couples on prime time
-decrease in the amount of teen sex portrayed
-slightly fewer acts of sexual aggression

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13
Q

what is the relationship between adolescents, sex, & the media?

A

-as of 2010, adolescents aged 15-18 spend about 7.5 hours a day on media
-adolescents often rely on inadequate sources of sexual health info
-media popular w/ adolescents is commonly filled w/ sexual content, very little which is portrayed accurately
-consequences: cultivation theory & viewing large amounts of sex on tv may lead to adolescents having sex at a younger age

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14
Q

what are statistics about alcohol beverage ads?

A

-in 2009, youth aged 21 & under were exposed to 71% more alcohol ads than in 2001
-in a typical year, youth see an estimated 67,656 more alcohol ads than adults
-teens who are regularly exposed to positive media messages about drinking are more likely to drink heavily & start drinking at an early age
-alcohol depictions in reality tv glamorize & normalize over-consuming alcohol
-people of color are disproportionately shown drinking compared to other cast members on reality tv

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15
Q

what is entertainment education?

A

the intentional placement of educational content in entertainment messages
-transportation & identification

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16
Q

what is transportation?

A

convergent process, where all mental systems & capacities become focused on events occurring in the narrative
-more susceptible to persuasive messages

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17
Q

what is identification?

A

the emotional & cognitive process by which a viewer takes on the role of a character in the narrative
-if you identify w/ a character, you’re more likely to feel good when something good happens to them, bad when something bad happens to them, & are more likely to uphold the attitudes they have

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18
Q

what are health promotion campaigns?

A

systematic efforts to influence people to engage in health-enhancing behaviors; may involve the use of many communication channels, from face-to-face communication to mass media

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19
Q

what are health prevention campaigns?

A

systematic efforts to influence people to engage in preventive behaviors or reject an undesirable behavior

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20
Q

what are the aspects of exemplary campaigns?

A

-get to know the audience
-invest in communication infrastructures
-make healthy options available
-take a multimedia approach
-set clear goals & measure your success

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21
Q

how do you plan a health campaign?

A

-come up w/ a behavior you want the audience to accept, reject, modify, or abandon
-identify a priority audience that can benefit the most from the campaign
-understand the channels you’ll use to disseminate the carefully crafted messages to the priority audience
-evaluate the success of the campaign & make changes accordingly

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22
Q

what is to accept?

A

to engage in a behavior someone’s not currently engaging in

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23
Q

what is to reject?

A

to not engage in a behavior someone is currently not engaging in (preventive)

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24
Q

what is to modify?

A

replacing a behavior w/ a different behavior

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25
what is to abandon?
quitting an undesirable behavior
26
what is the first step in designing a health campaign?
defining the situation & potential benefits -What do you want people to do? -How does the behavior benefit people? -Who currently participates in the behavior? Why? -Who doesn't currently participate in the behavior? Why?
27
what is the second step in designing a health campaign?
analyzing & segmenting the audience -What methods can I use to learn about my audience? ~questionnaires, focus groups, interviews
28
what is segmenting the audience?
identify specific groups who are alike in important ways & whose involvement is important to the purpose of the campaign
29
what are questionnaires?
a set of printed or written questions w/ a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study
30
what are focus groups?
a small number of people who respond to questions posed by a moderator
31
what is the third step in designing a health campaign?
establishing campaign goals & objectives -What exactly do we want people to start/stop/continue doing? -When & for how long should people perform this health behavior to experience health benefits? -How will we know if our campaign is successful?
32
what are objectives?
clear & measurable terms that state exactly what a campaign's designers hope to achieve
33
what is the fourth step in designing a health campaign?
selecting channels of communication
34
what is a channel?
a means of communicating information, either directly (in person) or indirectly (via technology) -characteristics: reach, specificity, impact
35
what is reach?
the number of people who will be exposed to a message via a particular channel
36
what is specificity?
how accurately the message can be targeted to a specific group of people
37
what is impact?
how influential a message is likely to be
38
what is the elaboration likelihood model?
a dual-process model aimed to describe how individuals process messages & change attitudes -central & peripheral route -which route one takes when presented information is based on one's motivation to think critically about the information presented & one's ability (relevant knowledge, time, & resources) to process an argument
39
what is the central route?
careful & thoughtful consideration of the true logic of the information presented -longer lasting & more likely to lead to attitude change
40
what is the peripheral route?
relies on positive or negative cues & is unrelated to logic
41
what is the health belief model?
explains what motivates individuals to engage in a health behavior -perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers, & cues to action
42
what is perceived severity?
the seriousness of consequences of a health problem
43
what is perceived susceptibility?
the assessed vulnerability to a health issue
44
what are perceived benefits?
the rewards associated w/ engaging in a health behavior to avoid a health risk
45
what are perceived barriers?
the obstacle to engaging in a health behavior
46
what are cues to action?
a trigger or prompt for a health behavior -internal cue: internal stimulus (pain, craving, emotion) -external cue: external stimulus (alarm clock, text reminder, friend reminding you)
47
what is the theory of planned behavior?
states the best predictor of behavior is behavioral intentions, which are predicted by three constructs: -attitudes towards a behavior- perceived cognitive & affective outcomes of performing a behavior -social norms- perceived pressure from relevant others whether a behavior should or shouldn't be performed -perceived behavioral control- the perceived ease of difficulty of performing a particular behavior
48
what is the fifth step in designing campaign messages?
designing campaign messages -message framing & narrative messages
49
what are the two types of message framing?
gain-frame appeal & loss-frame appeal
50
what is gain-frame appeal?
a message that emphasizes the advantages of performing the recommended behavior
51
what is loss-frame appeal?
a message that emphasizes the negative repercussions of not taking action -better for preventive measures but pretty equal for promoting behaviors
52
how is a narrative's persuasiveness measured for narrative messages?
transportation & emotional response -the more transported & emotionally affected people are by a story, the more likely they're persuaded by it
53
what is transportation?
describes how much attention people pay to a story, how involved they are w/ the story's characters, & how immersed they're in the story's imaginary world
54
what is emotional response?
describes how strongly a story affects people as well as people's emotional engagement w/ the story &/or characters
55
what is logical appeal?
attempts to demonstrate an evidentiary link between a behavior & a result
56
what is an emotional appeal?
suggests that people feel a certain way regarding their health & their behaviors -positive- & negative-affect appeals
57
what are positive-affect appeals?
positive emotional rewards in the form of popularity, a sense of accomplishment, honor, fun, happiness, & so on
58
what are negative-affect appeals?
attempt to motivate people by making them feel anxious, guilty, or fearful
59
what is the extended parallel process model?
states that two components predict an individual's response to a fear message -the first component evaluates the threat while the second speaks to efficacy -predicts three possible outputs after the fear appraisal is carried out: danger control, fear control, & no response
60
what are threat variables?
-perceived susceptibility: the assessed vulnerability to a risk -perceived severity: the seriousness of consequences of a risk
61
what are efficacy variables?
-self-efficacy: the perception the individual has that they're competent to perform the tasks needed to control the risk -response efficacy: the perception the individual has that the action, if carried out, will successfully control the risk
62
what is danger control?
when an individual perceives high severity & susceptibility & has high efficacy, they're likely to act to control the danger
63
what is fear control?
if efficacy is low, even if the severity & susceptibility are perceived as high, individuals will seek to control their fear instead through coping mechanisms
64
what is no response?
if perceived severity or susceptibility is low, the individual rejects the message & doesn't take action
65
what are novel messages?
messages that are new or different
66
what is the sixth step in designing a health campaign?
piloting & implementing the campaign -pilot test on a small number of priority audience members & negotiate w/ gatekeepers
67
what is piloting?
selecting members from the priority audience to review the campaign materials & comment on them
68
what are gatekeepers?
people in the media & the community who decide what information will be publicized & how
69
what is the seventh step in designing a health campaign?
evaluating & maintaining the campaign -consider using a pretest-posttest design to measure the effectiveness of your intervention/message
70
what is a pretest-posttest design?
measurements taken both before & after exposure to campaign messages; comparing the results determines if or how the audience's knowledge, intentions, or behaviors may have changed as a result of the campaign -group 1: pretest, message, posttest -group 2: pretest, control, posttest
71
what are efficacy studies?
determine whether an intervention produces the expected result under ideal circumstances (eg in a lab)
72
what are effectiveness studies?
measure the degree of beneficial effect under "real world" clinical settings
73
what is public health?
about ensuring the well-being of entire communities -involves thousands of agencies operating at local, national, & international levels (WHO & CDC) -involves tracking health in communities, as well as attempting to encourage healthier public -epidemiology (disease tracking & contagion) & behavioral health (risk & crisis communication) -health promotion & health emergencies
74
what is risk communication?
an ongoing process that involves disseminating information & engaging in interactive discussions about how people perceive risks & how they feel about risk messages -more preventive
75
what are the components of risk communication?
-level of hazard: the amount of damage a risk may potentially cause -level of outrage" amount of concern the public has about a risk
76
what is the dilemma in risk communication?
-be open about what you know even if you don't have all the answers -citizens rarely panic when they're well informed, or at least, they panic less when they're informed
77
what are the three traditions in risk communication?
-helping people who are insufficiently concerned to see the severity of the problem -reassuring & calming people who are excessively concerned -working w/ people who are appropriately concerned to help them cope
78
what is crisis communication?
an approach used by scientists & public health professionals to provide information that allows individuals, stakeholders, or an entire community to make the best possible decisions about their well-being, under nearly impossible time constraints, while accepting the imperfect nature of their choices
79
what is the difference between crisis & risk communication?
crisis communication deals w/ things that do go wrong & risk communication deals w/ things that might go wrong
80
what are the four challenges?
-using technical jargon -unequal comparison of risks -expressing risk in unfamiliar magnitude ~people tend to ignore the denominator in ratios but people w/ low numeracy skills tend to underestimate risk when presented in percentages compared to frequencies -contradictory messages from variety of sources
81
what is the social norms theory?
social norms are often divided into two categories: -descriptive norms: one's perception on whether others are or aren't engaging in a behavior that others are normally doing -injunctive norms: one's perception on whether others would expect one to engage or not engage in a behavior
82
what is the IDEA model?
states that crisis messages are more effective in promoting public's understandings of the health issue & behavioral intentions if it contains four components; focuses on how to design crisis-related risk communication
83
what are the four components of the IDEA model?
-internalization: the process whereby people process risk messages based on personal relevance, proximity to the risk, potential impact, & timeliness -distribution: channels for sharing information, such as tv, radio, newspapers, the internet, & social media -explanation: reflects the quality of a message, its accuracy, the credibility of its source, & how easily its understood by the public -action: the specific steps people might take in an emergency
84
what is eHealth?
the use of technology to transcend geographical distance in promoting good health
85
what are the advantages of eHealth?
-accessible -lots of information available -can be used to receive social support
86
what are the disadvantages of eHealth?
-misinformation -privacy concerns -health literacy issues -limits patient-provider interaction
87
what is confirmation bias?
the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, & recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs/values
88
what are the outcomes of eHealth?
-80% of internet users have searched for online health info -about 50% of eHealth users don't discuss their findings online w/ their physician -concerns w/ privacy & data usage may prevent users from seeking online medical info ~uncertainty about how algorithms work, even by those who create them
89
what is mHealth?
the use of devices such as smartwatches, mobile phones, tablet computers, & personal digital assistants for health purposes -part of eHealth -smartwatches can monitor conditions such as irregular heartbeat -fitness trackers are great ways of measuring physical activity -issue of privacy & data concerns
90
why are individuals who use fitness trackers more active than those who don't use fitness trackers?
they have more interest & receive more external cues to action
91
what is telehealth?
using technology to facilitate long-distance health care, education, administrative teamwork, & disaster responses -most popular among young & affluent patients & those who have chronic conditions
92
what is telemedicine?
subset of telehealth that specifically involves offering clinical services to patients at a distance, usually through the use of teleconference exams & shared diagnostic data, but also via phone & computer-mediated conversations
93
what is a patient portal?
password-protected websites, usually sponsored by people's physicians or hospitals, where patients can view their medical records, make appointments & more
94
what is the information sufficiency model?
the amount of information a person needs in order to feel capable of coping w/ & understanding a threatening issue -How much information do I need to cope? -you'll still seek information until you've reached this threshold
95
what is the health information acquisition model?
the notion that people are motivated to seek information under specific conditions: when something calls their attention to a concern, they don't think they're well informed, it seems important to find out soon, & they think they'll be able to find trustworthy & useful information -states that there's more than just uncertainty factoring into information seeking
96
what is the theory of motivated information management?
the idea that people seek information depending on their perceived need for it, their coping ability, & the channel in which the information is conveyed -coping confidence -Am I ready to find out? -addresses why people want health information & how

cmn 260 (3 decks)

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